His Story essays

His Story essays In exploring the notion of the individual versus the self, we should notice that in Achebes Things Fall Apart, a community is very important to the survival of the tribe and the people often work together for the betterment of the tribe. There are also individual aspects in the Ibo society. Each person has his own chi, or personal god. Present in Okonkwo's household were the expectations of masculinity that Okonkwo held for his son, Nwoye. In his mind, men and women are two different extremes; men being stronger, tougher and more controlling, while women are meek, thoughtless and easily dominated. In keeping with the Ibo view of female nature, the tribe allowed wife beating. The novel describes two instances when Okonkwo beats his second wife, once when she did not come home to make his meal. He beat her severely and was punished but only because he beat her during the Week of Peace. He beat her again when she referred to him as one of those guns that never shot. When a severe case of wife beating comes before the egwugwu, he found in favor of the wife, but at the end of the trial one of the elders wondered, I don't know why such a trifle should come before the egwugwu. The husband considers his wife as a property. His uncle, Uchendu, noticing Okonkwo's distress, explains how Okonkwo should view his exile: A man belongs to his fatherland when things are good and life is sweet. But when there is sorrow and bitterness he finds refuge in his motherland. A man has both joy and sorrow in his life and when the bad times come his mother is always there to comfort him. Thus comes the saying Mother is Supreme. Possibly, Umuofia's degrading treatment of women and wives comes from unconscious fear of, rather than reverence for, the unpredictable. The ending reveals that Okonko had not achieved his goals, but instead, by the end of his life, he had become a fail...

Antarctic Icefish Characteristics and Facts

Antarctic Icefish Characteristics and Facts True to their name, the Antarctic Icefish lives in the icy cold waters of the Arctic - and has icy-looking blood to match. Their cold habitat has given them some interesting features.   Most animals, like people, have red blood. The red of our blood is caused by hemoglobin, which carries oxygen throughout our body. Icefishes dont have hemoglobin, thus they have a whitish, nearly transparent blood. Their gills are also white. Despite this lack of hemoglobin, icefish can still get enough oxygen, although scientists arent sure quite how - it could be because they live in already oxygen-rich waters and might be able to absorb oxygen through their skin, or because they have large hearts and plasma which may help transport oxygen more easily. The first icefish was discovered in 1927 by zoologist Ditlef Rustad, who pulled up a strange, pale fish during an expedition to Antarctic waters. The fish he pulled up was eventually named the blackfin icefish (Chaenocephalus aceratus).   Description There are many species (33, according to WoRMS) of icefish in the Family Channichthyidae. These fish all have heads that look a little like a crocodile - so they are sometimes called crocodile icefishes. They have grayish, black or brown bodies, wide pectoral fins, and two dorsal fins that are supported by long, flexible spines. They can grow to a maximum length of about 30 inches.   Another fairly unique trait for icefish is that they dont have scales. This can aid in their ability to absorb oxygen through the ocean water.   Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataSubphylum: VertebrataSuperclass: GnathostomataSuperclass: PiscesClass: ActinopterygiiOrder: PerciformesFamily: Channichthyidae Habitat, Distribution, and Feeding Icefish inhabit Antarctic and subantarctic waters in the Southern Ocean off Antarctica and southern South America. Even though they can live in waters that are only 28 degrees, these fish have antifreeze proteins that circulate through their bodies to keep them from freezing.   Icefish dont have swim bladders, so they spend much of their lives on the ocean bottom, although they also have a lighter skeleton than some other fish, which allows them to swim up into the water column at night to capture prey. They may be found in schools. Icefish eat plankton, small fish, and krill.   Conservation and Human Uses The lighter skeleton of icefish has a low mineral density. Humans with a low mineral density in their bone have a condition called osteopenia, which may be a precursor to osteoporosis. Scientists study icefish to learn more about osteoporosis in humans. Icefish blood also provides insights into other conditions, such as anemia, and how bones develop. The ability of icefish to live in freezing water without freezing can also help scientists learn about the formation of ice crystals and storage of frozen foods and even organs used for transplant.   Mackerel icefish are harvested, and the harvest is considered sustainable. A threat to icefish, however, is climate change - warming ocean temperatures could reduce the habitat that is suitable for this extreme cold water fish.

Final Evaluation about ART Appreciation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Final Evaluation about ART Appreciation - Essay Example Written thoughts differ from oral expressions by their clarity and organization. When people write about arts, they tend to be more accurate in their assessment and appreciation. I believe that I have significantly improved my writing skills during this semester. Considering the fact that all areas of research require writing, I will definitely use these skills further. 3. Were you able to develop your research skills in this course? What was the most helpful information this course gave you in terms of conducting high quality research? How do your skills compare now to how they were when you first started the course? This course gave me many chances to developed research skills and tried to use them all. A lot of assignment required additional research in journals and other academic publications to do assignment. I did my best to find relevant information and use it in my research assignment and I learned where I could find information I needed. Yes, I will continue studying arts because I really feel that I am interested to learn more. It is amazing when one able not only to see art but to understand it as well. This course gave me the opportunity to develop this art understanding. I liked the approach to art promoted by this course. It was relevant to pay attention to formal features and to historical background of each work we studied. This approach was great because it developed deep background knowledge and patience to

Bilby Case Study- persuassive writing portfolio Essay

Bilby Case Study- persuassive writing portfolio - Essay Example The future, any future, hospital or no hospital, is built on the foundation of our past: Our natural history and our man-made heritage. A new hospital is a brilliant idea. Destroying our natural history and heritage to build a new hospital is nothing but a headlong rush into the future with a foundation of sand: A race to the future with no foundation in the past. Bilbys blessing, and its curse, is its persona as a byword for local tranquility. Located off the highway, a century-and-a-half after the Gold Rush, time had largely past Bilby by until the production of City Stress, Country Pleasures. Now, Bilby is famous as the home of local tranquility, and its future, is contingent on preserving that image. A new district hospital will do nothing to facilitate that image and, if anything, undermine it. The development of Bilby, in a sustainable manner, must be predicated on preservation of local tranquility. Visitors seeking pastoral peace and quiet not visiting hospital patients are the key to Bilbys future. Preservation and restoration of the natural environment not enhancing the built environment is the key to Bilbys future. Preservation and restoration of Bilbys built heritage, not new development, is the key to Bilbys future success. John Russell, founder of Bilby Landcare, will be hosting a special event at the entrance to the Bilby Cemetery on Saturday, January 8, 2011 at noon. It will kick-off Bilby Landcares campaign to protect the cemetery and the community from reckless development. Joining John will be Garrett Pietro of Grassroots who will be debuting his new song about preserving the natural and built heritage of Bilby. John Russells past, present and future are embedded in Bilby. Born and raised here he left Bilby for university and returned to take over Russell Native Nursery in 1993. His commitment to the community deepened further when he stood for election to the shire council. Johns personal, professional and political lives are all

Anger looking at different articles and compare and contrast Essay

Anger looking at different articles and compare and contrast - Essay Example But in this modern age and with the advancement of science, experts are viewing anger in a different perspective and are trying to understand the significance and impact it has on physical and mental health of an individual. In Jane E. Bhody’s account on â€Å"Venting anger may do more harm than good† (New York Times, March 8th, 1983) she speaks of a number of modern treatment techniques by different experts. One such, was a controversial book authored by social psychologist Dr. Carol Tavris called â€Å"Anger: The Misunderstood Emotion† (Simon and Shuster) According to her, anger is more destructive when it is expressed than when it is suppressed. But this view tends to limit the role of venting ones anger, than what is popularly practiced today. Research carried out has built a growing body of evidence that proves that though venting anger may reduce some forms of illness, it may actually enhance or contribute to others. The psychologist states that â€Å"People who are most prone to give vent to their rage, get angrier not less angry†. (Dr. Carol Tavris) The example she gives us is marital arguments where one person’s anger triggers or provokes its opponent to respond in a similar fashion. According to psychoanalyst Dr. Leo Maddow’s â€Å"get-the-anger-out† and â€Å"be honest with each other† can be quite destructive for the very fact that there is a face to face out burst of conflicting emotions. This can be disastrous especially in big companies, if workers are going to confront each other with anger; the healthy and peaceful atmosphere of the company is put on the line. Another view by a New York Psychiatrist Dr. Willard Gaylin, describes that the ventilation of anger is â€Å"a form of public littering†. (Dr. Willard Gaylin) He believes that though â€Å"happiness is held up as the main goal of life† (Gaylin) yet people alienate themselves from it. He adheres this to the technological

Ebola Virus Explained Essay

Ebola Virus Explained Essay Introduction Ebola virus is one of the most virulent and lethal pathogens known to human. Ebola virus epidemics have emerged from time to time since it was first discovered in 1976 from the Democratic Republic of Congo, formerly known as Zaire, but the largest known Ebola virus outbreak up to date is ongoing at the time of writing this article, in West Africa. Approximately 550 000 cases are estimated to be reported from Sierra Leone and Liberia by the 20th of January 2015. The transmission of the infection to a number of countries including Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria and occasional cases being reported from USA, Canada, Netherland and India reveal the potential of the infection to get spread worldwide. Despite this disease being highly contagious, life-threatening, and no specific treatment being found, it can be prevented with the use of proper infection prevention and control measures. The study of the Ebola virus disease is important as that knowledge will pave the way for the red uction of victims, the invention of an effective drug and will also be useful in the management of a similar epidemic. Virology Ebola virus is a member of the family Filoviridae. As the name implies the virus is filamentous in shape. Marburg virus and Ebolavirus are the two main genera of the viral family which are medically important. Viruses of these two genera are studied and presented together due to their many similarities in the life cycle, the primary reservoirs, ways of transmission, clinical presentation, treatment and prevention measures. The only noted difference is that the Marburgvirus is spread by bat species adapted to open forests such as savannah whereas Ebolavirus is spread by bat species adapted to deep rain forests(1). Five subtypes of Ebolavirus namely, Ebolavirus zaire, Ebolavirus sudan, Ebolavirus reston, Ebolavirus cote d’ Ivore, and Ebolavirus bundibugyo have been identified and named after the area in which they were first discovered(1). Of these E. Zaire was the first to be isolated and studied(1) and it is responsible for the most number of outbreaks(1) including the latest outbreak in 2014 before which E. sudan accounted for  ¼ of all Ebolavirus deaths(1). Except for the slight lower fatality rate, E. sudan is more or less similar to E. zaire. The case fatality rate of E. sudan is reported as 40-60% and that of E. zaire as 60-90% (3). Transmission Ebola is initially transmitted to human as a zoonosis. Various species of fruit bats found throughout central and sub Saharan Africa as hosts (2),( 4). Contact with bats through bites and scratches or exposure to their secretions and excretions through broken skin or mucous membranes can cause the infection in humans (2), (4). The infection can also be transmitted through other end hosts. Those recorded from Africa are forest antelopes, porcupines, chimpanzees, gorillas, monkeys and other non-human primates. Attacks during hunting these animals or handling infected animal carcasses have resulted in the introduction of the virus to the human population from the wild (1).The outbreak of the epidemic begins with the subsequent transmission of the infection from the index case to secondary individuals. An outbreak often begins from a single introduction to a human from the wild, which involves virus variants of little genetic diversity. Records reveal that outbreaks stemmed from multiple introductions lead to distinct chains of human to human transmission with a greater diversity in the virus variants(5). EVD is highly contagious. The infection may spread in the community and in the hospital environment through direct contact with infected body fluids such as blood, secretions and excretions or tissue of an acute patient or through direct contact with contaminated materials like clothes and bed linen(1). One major reason for the rapid spread of the epidemic is the traditional funeral rituals, which include cleansing of the cadaver, removal of hair finger nails, toe nails and clothing. People taking care of infected people including health care staff also have a high risk of contracting the disease. Moreover semen of male survivors is said to remain infectious for up to 82 days after the onset of the symptoms. As long as the virus remains in the body fluids the person remains infectious. Airborne transmission of Ebola virus is strongly suspected but is not yet experimentally proven. Clinical Presentation EVD caused by different strains of Ebola virus bring about different clinical features. Incubation period of Ebola virus is generally considered as 2 – 21 days. (1, 3) Ebola virus disease shows various acutely developing constitutional prodromal symptoms which lead to a wide range of differential diagnosis including not only other viral haemorrhagic fevers, but also malaria (3), typhoid (3), cholera (1), other bacterial rickettsial and even non-infectious causes of haemorrhage. The evolution of the disease resembles that of a severe haemorrhagic fever. Patients present with high fever, temperatures being as high as 39-400C (3, 6), body aches and fatigue (3).Subsequently gastrointestinal symptoms such as epigastric pain nausea, vomits and /or diarrhoea without blood appear if fever persists until day 3 – 5 (6). After 4 – 5 days of illness (4) a macular rash may appear but it may not be clearly noticeable on dark skin (1). After this stage haemorrhage from different sites begin. Bleeding from both upper and lower digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract, vagina in females can be observed (1, 3). Further petechiae on the buccal mucosa, skin and conjunctivae develop. Recurrent episodes of vomiting which prevents any oral intake of fluids and large amounts of watery diarrhoea (5 or more liters per day) (6) contributes to a massive fluid loss leading to dehydration. If fluid replacement is inadequate, prostration, severe lethargy and ultimately hypovolaemic shock follows. Hypovolaemic shock has been reported in 60% of the cases (6). Despite the high body temperatures, patients acquire cold extremities due to peripheral vasoconstriction. Rapid and thready pulses, tachypnea, oliguria or anuria can be observed (6). Simultaneously features such as asthenia chest and abdominal pains, pains in muscles and joints and headaches develop. Although in some cases cough and dyspnea occur due to pulmonary haemorrhages, other respiratory symptoms except for hiccups are uncommon (6). Conjunctival injection is a common clinical feature. Neurologic symptoms that are usually seen are hypoactive and hyperactive delirium characterized by slowed cognitive functions, confusion, agitation and rarely seizures (6). As the disease evolves internal bleeding can also start but generally by this time patients are already in a state of coma (1). It is reported that only 5% of the patients present with haemorrhage from gastro intestinal tract before death. Most of the reported deaths have occurred due to shock during the 7th to 12th day of illness. Symptoms of 40% of the patients have improved around the 10th day though symptoms like oral ulcers and thrush have developed. Most of the patients who survived up to the 13th day have shown a higher chance of ultimately getting recovered. Some patients who showed initial improvement of symptoms have developed neck rigidity and lowered levels of consciousness which are associated with late mortality. Pathology Examination of autopsies and post-mortem biopsies is extremely useful in the study of the pathology of the ebola virus disease. Due to the biosafety risk to the autopsy personnel when handling specimens, pathological descriptions of only a limited number of cases are available (7). A common finding of Haematoxilin and eosine stained tissue sections is oval shaped or filamentous eosinophilic intracellular inclusions which are formed by the aggregation of nucleocapsids of the virus. These inclusions can be detected in macrophages, hepatocytes, endothelial cells, connective tissue fibroblasts etc. Immunohistochemical stains reveal viral antigens in cells of various infected tissues including macrophages, dendritic cells, epithelial cells of sweat and sebaceous glands, interstitial and tubular cells of the kidney, seminiferous tubules, endothelial cells and endocardial cells. In addition necrotic cells and cell debris contain antigens in large quantities. Electron microscopy exhibits abundant free virus particles in alveolar spaces, liver sinusoids, and interstitial cells of the testis and in dermal collagen. Karyorrhexis and apoptosis are seen in the cells of the portal triads, macrophages of the red pulp of the spleen and in the tubular epithelial cells of the ki dney (7). Liver tissue shows the most symptomatic histopathological features including focal or widespread necrosis of hepatocytes and mild steatosis. Although usually inflammation is minimal, hyperplasia of kupfer cells and infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells is seen. Infected lung shows congestion, haemorrhage and intra-alveolar oedema but inflammation is not significant. Mild focal infiltrates of mononuclear inflammatory cells are known to occur in the lamina propria of the stomach small intestine and the colon. Skin biopsies reveal dermal oedema, focal haemorrhages, petechiae, ecchymoses, and macular rashes. The spleen and lymph nodes exhibit widespread lymphoid depletion due to apoptosis and necrosis. Inflammation of the kidney is not evident although acute tubular necrosis is a usual finding. Even though the endocardium of the heart contains viral antigens, the myocardium does not show any significant damage. Brain histology shows panencephalitis and perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes (7). Prevention World Health organization (WHO) has recommended a set of infection prevention and control measures for health-care workers that include precautions that should be taken at different stages of managing EVD patients Standard precautions Regardless of the diagnosis it is recommended for health-care workers to take standard precautions when handling all patients, as it is difficult to identify EVD patients during early stages of the disease. These are, Performing hand hygiene Using disposable gloves before touching materials probable of being contaminated with virus Wearing eye protection and gown before involving in procedures which have a possibility of body fluids being projected. Hand hygiene Hand hygiene must be performed using soap and water or alcohol-based hand rub solution, following WHO recommended technique, before wearing gloves and personal protective equipment (PPE) after an exposure to a patient’s body fluids after a contact with a contaminated surface or equipment after removing PPE. if hands are visibly soiled Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) PPE should be worn before entering EVD patients’ care areas according to the recommended order by WHO and removed before leaving the care area. Contact of a used PPE with any part of the face or non-intact skin should be avoided. The PPE includes, Non-sterile gloves of the correct size Impermeable and disposable gown with long sleeves Face shield Puncture resistant and impermeable closed shoes Patient placement and management Suspected or confirmed EVD patients should be isolated and if possible kept in single rooms. If not they must be placed in beds with at least 1m gap in between. Visitors must be restricted except for those who are needed for the well-being of the patient such as a child’s parent. Management of used equipment and other materials It is recommended that equipment like stethoscopes should be decontaminated and sterilized before reuse, if separate equipment is not available. Parenteral medication equipment, surgical blades, syringes and needles should never be reused. They should be disposed in puncture resistant bins. All non-sharp solid waste should be disposed in to leak-proof bags or bins. Used linen should be collected in leak-proof bags kept at the place of use. They should be washed with water and detergent, rinsed, soaked in 0.05% chlorine for 30 minutes and then dried. All bins must always remain upright and should be sealed when  ¾ full. Before being taken out of the wards the outer surfaces of these containers must be disinfected using 0.5% chlorine. Environmental cleaning Cleaners should wear heavy-duty rubber gloves, and impermeable, puncture proof boots in addition to the PPE. Water and detergent must be used to clean the work surfaces and floors of the hospital. This should be practiced at least once a day. Other contaminated surfaces and objects must be cleaned and disinfected using 0.5% chlorine. Handling of biological material Performing autopsies, post-mortem biopsies and other laboratory tests of tissue samples of EVD confirmed or suspected patients should be minimized and should only be performed by trained personnel. Full PPE must be worn during handling specimens. All specimens should be delivered in clearly labeled, leak-proof, non-breakable, containers with disinfected outer surfaces. Dead bodies must never be washed or embalmed. They should be sealed in double bags, disinfected with 0.5% chlorine and buried promptly. Some cultural and religious rituals can be adapted if needed, but handling of the body must be kept to a minimum and full PPE must be worn at all times. In case of exposure to infected body fluids All current tasks must be safely and immediately stopped and PPE must be removed safely. Affected skin should be washed with soap and water and any affected mucous membranes like conjunctiva should be washed off with a plenty of running water. The person should be checked for fever and other symptoms for 21 days. Pathogenesis Pathogenesis of Ebola virus shows a similarity to that of most of the other filoviruses which involves immunosuppression, increased vascular permeability and coagulopathy (7, 18). Ebola virus enters the host though abrasions of the skin, though mucous membranes or though injection by accident. The virus enters monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells and gets carried away via lymphatics to the circulation. It then spreads to the liver and spleen infecting tissue macrophages and fibroblastic reticular cells. The main cellular targets of the virus are macrophages, dendritic cells and kupfer cells. Ebola virus shows interaction between varieties of cellular proteins which is why the infection is characterized by broad tissue and organ tropism. Immunopathology In most of the viral infections immune system plays a major role in containing the infection from spreading. However the tissues and organs of fatal EVD cases show minimal inflammation, suggesting of impairment in the immune responses. It has been found that structural proteins of filoviruses e.g. VP24 (Virion protein) and VP35 inhibit interferon responses and thus evade the host innate immunity. As previously mentioned, apoptosis of natural killer cells and T lymphocytes is revealed in histopathology which explains the suppression of the adaptive immune responses. As in many severe infections, Ebola virus infection also causes a massive release of pro-inflammatory mediators and vasoactive substances. Even though the pro-inflammatory mediators promote inflammation and coagulation, the systemic spread of the infection is not effectively controlled. This is probably due to the vasodilation mediated by the vasoactive substances. Endothelial dysfunction and coagulopathy The virus invades endothelial cells and endocardial cells and causes injury (18). This results in internal haemorrhage, fluid and electrolyte imbalance and cardiovascular failure. Endothelial damage results in the platelet aggregation and consumption. The increased level of pro-inflammatory factors and the increased production of surface tissue factor protein in infected monocytes and macrophages promote the coagulation cascade. Due to the hepatocellular damage the production of coagulation factors, fibrinogen, protein C and S are also decreased .Collectively this results in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Other socio-economic problems related to Ebola virus epidemics When considering the current outbreak, in addition to the huge number of lives that has been succumbed to the disease, it has created many other critical problems not only in Ebola hit countries, but in other African countries as well. Agriculture has the biggest contribution to the African economy. As many farmers have died of the epidemic and many have abandoned their farmlands in the fear of catching the disease, there is a huge labour shortage in these countries and a fall of food production. An emergence of a food scarcity in the near future is predicted by experts. Chocolate producing companies and many other industries are greatly affected by labour shortage. Nigeria and Ivory Coast are major cacao producing countries but most of the workers are migrants from Liberia and Guinea. International companies like Nestle and Mars have launched education and fundraising programmes to prevent the spread of the infection among cacao workers. Many schools have been closed owing to the deadly infection surging through the country. Besides the impact on education, the feeding programme carried on by the governments for children has come to a standstill as a consequence. Tourism is another sector hit by the epidemic. Even though Africa is a large continent bigger than Europe, USA and China combined; tourists tend to see it as a single country since the Ebola epidemic has emerged. For instance, Tanzania, a famous wild life destination is an East African country, more than 6000 miles away from an Ebola hit land. It is reported that hotels of Tanzania have lost 50% of bookings for 2015 (21). Many African countries refuse to host international events and conferences due to the risk of the Ebola epidemic being introduced. For example, Morocco, the host of African Cup of Nations, which is scheduled to January 2015, requests a postponement. The government says, â€Å"There is no way we can be lenient with the health and safety of the Moroccan citizens† (24).

The Most Appropriate Pricing Technique for Cadbury Essay -- Business M

The Most Appropriate Pricing Technique for Cadbury There are 7 different pricing techniques that are available to Cadbury. 1. First pricing technique is skimming pricing. With skimming pricing, these prices are set very high to take advantage of some peoples desire for a new product or design at any price. Skimming is most effective if demand is inelastic. For e.g. Cadbury put their prices at the same as most of their competitors and at the price their customers are able to pay. 2. Cost plus pricing Pricing methods which are based on the cost structure of Cadbury that are favoured by accountants because they are supposedly more accurate and reliable. Cadbury is trying to maximise it profits. This method works successfully because all costs need to be accurately accounted. In many firms this is a very difficult process which is why the simpler mark-up procedure is used. Cost plus pricing tends to ignore the demand for the product and the competition. 3. Positioning pricing Cadbury uses this method to position prices that are set which reflect the consumers view of the chocolate bean. 4. Demand based pricing Cadbury set their prices based on what they think the consumer is prepared to pay. If they don’t then they wont sell as good as they thought. If they do sell at the customer’s price they will have a good reputation and an output of more customers. 5. Competitive pricing In this situation Cadbury set a price roughly in line with their competitors. This will depend on the type of competition that exists for the chocolate bean. It is particularly the number of seller and the number of buyers. This process works reasonably well if the cost structures of the companies are roughly similar. 6. Discount pricing Cadbury is a competitive market which buyers should be able to obtain goods for less than the advertised price. Many firms can be forced into price-cutting if they are short of cash or need to increase sales quickly. 7. Different pricing Cadbury may change different prices sometimes for the same product at different times. Its prices will be based on the elasticity of demand for the chocolate bean. Which is the most appropriate for this market type? The most appropriate strategy for Cadbury is Cost Plus pricing and Demand based pricing. Cost plus pricing is appropriate because the information is more accurate and reliable which is good... ...ghtly difficult but they have managed due to good marketing strategies. It has distributed its products in many ways even if they have failed in some but they always try to find the right way to distribute their product so their customers stay satisfied. PRODUCER WHOLESALER RETAILER COMSUMER When there are a large number of retailers, Cadbury (the manufactures) will usually deal with a wholesaler who buys in bulk, stores the products and sells them on to the retailer in smaller quantities. A small grocer will usually go to the wholesaler. This is mainly done regularly to avoid the small space. Advantages of long channels - Retailer gains convenience and minimises storage costs - Consumers are able to buy in small quantities from retailers - Goods are available close to where they are needed - Wholesalers provide valuable retailer support services - Transport costs are lower because the producer does not have to make as many deliveries. Disadvantages of long channels - Prices tend to be higher when goods change hands many times; compare prices in the corner shop with those in supermarkets - Producers have less control over the way in which goods are stored and sold