Greco-Persian Navy War

During the Greco-Persian war (500 B. C. – 449 B. C), many battles took place in this bloody war. Battles were fought on land and at sea. Sea battles played a major role during the war. The Athenian Fleet was among the most sophisticated and powerful navies to date that time. The Persian Armada seemed unbeatable with its vast number of ships and soldiers. The Athenian Navy had a higher kill ratio than the massive Persian Fleet. The Persians and the Athenians both used that same type of ship for sea battles, the trireme. A trireme was warship used in ancient civilizations.They were wooden ships powered by mostly men with oars. The strucural integrity of these ships was remarkable. The average trireme with a length of 120 ft. could hold about 40 tons. These ships weighed about 2,200 pounds. The hull was composed of small yet dense planks held together by interlinking edges. Due to their inovative design these vessels were able to reach top speed reaching almost 10 mph. In the fro nt of the vessel was the primary armament of the ship, the bronze battering ram. The secondary armament included spearmen and bowmen. The two main tactics of naval warfare during ancient times were boarding or ramming.When boarding, the oarsmen on one boat would board the enemy boat and fight to the death. When raming, you would manuever around enemy and strike the enemy ships from the side in order to sink their ships. The Athenian generals were highly effective with their tactics. The Battle of Salamis Like the Battle of Thermopylae, the Greeks were largely outnumbered in the Battle of Salamis. They faced an overwhelmingly large number of Persian ships. The Athenian Fleet Force included according to Herodotus, 366 triremes. The Persian Armada however, included 1,207 triremes. The Athenians were facing a seemingly unstopable force.However, in middle 480 B. C, a storm arose and destroyed one third of Darius’s fleet. The Greeks had two commnaders, Themistocles of Athens and Eu rybiades of Sparta. The commanders of the Persian Fleet were Xerxes of Persia, Artemisia of Caria, and Xerxes’s brother Ariabignes. Artemisia was the only commander in Xerxes’s force to be female. Xerxes’s brother Ariabignes perished in the Battle of Salamis. The Persian’s primary tactic for this battle was to overwhelm the Athenian Navy with their massive armada. Xerxes wanted to end the conquest of Greece in a single military campaign.The Persians were better sailors; they had experienced men and ships that had fought before. The Greeks had unexperienced sailors and new ships. Statisticaly speaking, in an open sea battle, the overwhelming number of Persian ships and experienced sailors should unquestionably defeat the Athenian Navy. The Greeks without many choices had to defend the Island of Salamis. If the Greeks wanted any chance in winning, they would have to bring the Persians someplace where the number of ships would no longer be a variable. Themis tocles sailed his navy to the narrow straits of Salamis in order to constrict Xerxes’s fleet.Once they came through the narrow path, the Spartan Navy began attacking along with the Athenians. The battle was brutal and long. Persians sent wave after wave of triremes to devastate the Greeks. Their efforts were futile for the Greeks had a better tactical position, which was to defend the coast. Persian admiral Ariabignes had died early in the battle. This caused much perplexity among the Persian ships. Confused and without their admiral, their strategy began to fall apart. Artemisia, realizing defeat was imminent, attacked a Persian trireme to trick the Greeks into thinking she was an ally so she could flee.She succesfuly escaped with the conscience of leaving her men to die in battle. The Persians quickly retreated to avoid further losses. Xerxes was furius; upset at the astonishingly incomprehensible loss of his massive fleet. After the battle he said ‘’my men hav e become women, and my women men’’. This Greek victory played a major role in the winning of the war. The battle of Salamis also gave prestige to Athenians and their allies. They now had the most powerful navy in the World. Their navy’s kill/death ratio had rissen by 480%; they were precise, efficient, and above all lethal.

Burgess’s Comment on Society in A Clockwork Orange

The decade in which post-war social change is felt to have been concentrated is the 1960s. This is certainly a simplification, but it does help pinpoint some of the more dramatic changes that may have been longer in the making. For example, one of the key social changes of the 1960s is the emergence of ‘youth culture'. The sense of a newly empowered sector of society is conveyed principally by the new spending power of young people, and the emergence of mainstream youth-related cultural forms, especially pop music, that quickly become significant components of the economy.The most memorable fictional treatment of youth culture in the 1960s, however, puts a very different construction on the changing balance of power. In A Clockwork Orange (1962) Anthony Burgess isolates the tribal, antisocial elements of youth culture in a dystopian fable of violence as leisure. On the surface A Clockwork Orange is a novel about juvenile delinquents in a near-future Britain, but on a deeper lev el it is a novel about conditioning and free will.Even the parboiled paternalism of the Empire and the synthetic socialism of the welfare state had still apparently left room – though not much – for a dialogue between the individual and society and had kept alive discussions as to what was right and what was wrong with England. Now what had been the issue was exacted from the sensibilities of those who, glutted physically and socially, lived under what amounted to a deadening hedonism.It must have seemed only logical to Burgess, after exploring the dialectics of the single and collective mind, that the problem of the novelist was to probe its metaphysics- to see how the naked needs of his rebel anti-heroes could be met in a mad, lost, loveless, brutal, sterile world. Alex, the gross product of welfare state overkill, is not depraved because he is deprived but because he is indulged. â€Å"Myself,† he notes rather pathetically at the beginning of A Clockwork Oran ge, â€Å"I couldn't help a bit of disappointment at things as they were those days. Nothing to fight against really.Everything as easy as kiss-my-sharries† (Burgess 11). Alex's utopia is more than the result of self-gratification; it is the consequence of the â€Å"original sin† inborn with every offspring of modern organizational leviathans. Having discovered that existence has always meant freedom, but never having been taught â€Å"goodness,† Alex responds predictably and inevitably to the killing burden of choice. Alex took on the status of a heavy metal hero, psychologically lobotomized by an insensitive society. Alex's tone is consistently bright, breezy, humorous, cynical, confident, and amoral, as is Alex himself.This is the opening of his story: â€Å"What's it going to be then, eh? There was me, that is Alex, and my three droogs† (Burgess 5). It is a book focusing on â€Å"the chance to be good† and proceeding from a single, significant existential dilemma: Is an evil human being with free choice preferable to a good zombie without it? Indeed, at two points in the novel Burgess spells out the dilemma for us. On one occasion, Alex, about to submit to conditioning, is admonished by the prison chaplain: â€Å"It may not be nice to be good, little 6655321. It may be horrible to be good. . . . Does God want goodness or the choice of goodness?Is a man who chooses the bad perhaps in some ways better than a man who has the good imposed upon him? . . . A terrible terrible thing to consider. And yet, in a sense, in choosing to be deprived of the ability to make an ethical choice, you have in a sense really chosen the good† (Burgess 96). And on the other, the unwitting F. Alexander, with whom Alex finds sanctuary temporarily, similarly remarks: â€Å"You've sinned, I suppose, but your punishment has been out of all proportion. They have turned you into something other than a human being. You have no power of choice an y longer.You are committed to socially acceptable acts, a little machine capable only of good. . . . But the essential intention is the real sin. A man who cannot choose ceases to be a man† (Burgess 153-54). Yet, were this all Burgess had to say on the matter, the impetus of the dilemma would lose substantially in force. Society at large has never troubled itself with the existential agony (unless to repress some manifestation of it), and judging from the preponderance of sentiment abroad today, it would undoubtedly applaud the conditioning process that champions stability over freedom.But Burgess has found inhering in the central dilemma considerations even more immediate. What distinctions between good and evil are possible in the contemporary world? As absolutes, have such distinctions not been totally perverted or obliterated? And as relative terms, depending for definition on what each negates or excludes, have they not become purely subjective? In a technically perfect s ociety that has sapped our vitality for constructive choice, we are, whether choosing good or evil, zombies of one sort or another: Each of us is a little clockwork orange making up the whole of one great clockwork orange.Burgess blames the excesses of human nature on a repressive society that corrupts its citizens – and primarily its youth – by restricting their liberty and force – feeding them outmoded values. Thus, their natural rebellion gets out of hand and only leads to more repression. The result is the satirical picture of a society moving towards an ever more repressive future. Burgess foresees a social trend toward increasing state/government control of individual lives, culminating in a political system which hires thugs as police and condones brain-washing techniques to ‘reform’ criminals.Youth violence has reached an extreme which is clearly fantastic; the failure of the adult world to prevent/control/ reform youth-as-psychopathic-condi tion reaches an equally blackly humorous extreme. For example, on April 19, 1989, a young banker, walking in Central Park, was raped and left to die. The police soon caught a group of Harlem teens and charged them with gang rape. â€Å"Wilding – the newest term for terror in a city that lives in fear,† wrote the New York Post on April 22 (Hancock 38). I think term â€Å"Wilding† defined by the Post writers can be referred to the violent raves in A Clockwork Orange.In Burgess’s A Clockwork Orange political pragmatism reigns: venal politicians grasp at sure and easy ways to erase crime; the police are as violent as the criminals they battle; political reformers are prepared to destroy ‘victims’ like Alex in their attempts to bring down the government. These mainstream social/ political structures try, but fail, to reduce Alex to ‘a clockwork orange’. Works Cited Burgess, Anthony. A Clockwork Orange. New York: Norton, 1963. Hancock, Lynnell. â€Å"Wolf Pack: The Press and the Central Park Jogger. † Columbia Journalism Review. Vol. : 41, 5 January-February 2003, 38. Burgess’s Comment on Society in A Clockwork Orange The decade in which post-war social change is felt to have been concentrated is the 1960s. This is certainly a simplification, but it does help pinpoint some of the more dramatic changes that may have been longer in the making. For example, one of the key social changes of the 1960s is the emergence of ‘youth culture'. The sense of a newly empowered sector of society is conveyed principally by the new spending power of young people, and the emergence of mainstream youth-related cultural forms, especially pop music, that quickly become significant components of the economy.The most memorable fictional treatment of youth culture in the 1960s, however, puts a very different construction on the changing balance of power. In A Clockwork Orange (1962) Anthony Burgess isolates the tribal, antisocial elements of youth culture in a dystopian fable of violence as leisure. On the surface A Clockwork Orange is a novel about juvenile delinquents in a near-future Britain, but on a deeper lev el it is a novel about conditioning and free will.Even the parboiled paternalism of the Empire and the synthetic socialism of the welfare state had still apparently left room – though not much – for a dialogue between the individual and society and had kept alive discussions as to what was right and what was wrong with England. Now what had been the issue was exacted from the sensibilities of those who, glutted physically and socially, lived under what amounted to a deadening hedonism.It must have seemed only logical to Burgess, after exploring the dialectics of the single and collective mind, that the problem of the novelist was to probe its metaphysics- to see how the naked needs of his rebel anti-heroes could be met in a mad, lost, loveless, brutal, sterile world. Alex, the gross product of welfare state overkill, is not depraved because he is deprived but because he is indulged. â€Å"Myself,† he notes rather pathetically at the beginning of A Clockwork Oran ge, â€Å"I couldn't help a bit of disappointment at things as they were those days. Nothing to fight against really.Everything as easy as kiss-my-sharries† (Burgess 11). Alex's utopia is more than the result of self-gratification; it is the consequence of the â€Å"original sin† inborn with every offspring of modern organizational leviathans. Having discovered that existence has always meant freedom, but never having been taught â€Å"goodness,† Alex responds predictably and inevitably to the killing burden of choice. Alex took on the status of a heavy metal hero, psychologically lobotomized by an insensitive society. Alex's tone is consistently bright, breezy, humorous, cynical, confident, and amoral, as is Alex himself.This is the opening of his story: â€Å"What's it going to be then, eh? There was me, that is Alex, and my three droogs† (Burgess 5). It is a book focusing on â€Å"the chance to be good† and proceeding from a single, significant existential dilemma: Is an evil human being with free choice preferable to a good zombie without it? Indeed, at two points in the novel Burgess spells out the dilemma for us. On one occasion, Alex, about to submit to conditioning, is admonished by the prison chaplain: â€Å"It may not be nice to be good, little 6655321. It may be horrible to be good. . . . Does God want goodness or the choice of goodness?Is a man who chooses the bad perhaps in some ways better than a man who has the good imposed upon him? . . . A terrible terrible thing to consider. And yet, in a sense, in choosing to be deprived of the ability to make an ethical choice, you have in a sense really chosen the good† (Burgess 96). And on the other, the unwitting F. Alexander, with whom Alex finds sanctuary temporarily, similarly remarks: â€Å"You've sinned, I suppose, but your punishment has been out of all proportion. They have turned you into something other than a human being. You have no power of choice an y longer.You are committed to socially acceptable acts, a little machine capable only of good. . . . But the essential intention is the real sin. A man who cannot choose ceases to be a man† (Burgess 153-54). Yet, were this all Burgess had to say on the matter, the impetus of the dilemma would lose substantially in force. Society at large has never troubled itself with the existential agony (unless to repress some manifestation of it), and judging from the preponderance of sentiment abroad today, it would undoubtedly applaud the conditioning process that champions stability over freedom.But Burgess has found inhering in the central dilemma considerations even more immediate. What distinctions between good and evil are possible in the contemporary world? As absolutes, have such distinctions not been totally perverted or obliterated? And as relative terms, depending for definition on what each negates or excludes, have they not become purely subjective? In a technically perfect s ociety that has sapped our vitality for constructive choice, we are, whether choosing good or evil, zombies of one sort or another: Each of us is a little clockwork orange making up the whole of one great clockwork orange.Burgess blames the excesses of human nature on a repressive society that corrupts its citizens – and primarily its youth – by restricting their liberty and force – feeding them outmoded values. Thus, their natural rebellion gets out of hand and only leads to more repression. The result is the satirical picture of a society moving towards an ever more repressive future. Burgess foresees a social trend toward increasing state/government control of individual lives, culminating in a political system which hires thugs as police and condones brain-washing techniques to ‘reform’ criminals.Youth violence has reached an extreme which is clearly fantastic; the failure of the adult world to prevent/control/ reform youth-as-psychopathic-condi tion reaches an equally blackly humorous extreme. For example, on April 19, 1989, a young banker, walking in Central Park, was raped and left to die. The police soon caught a group of Harlem teens and charged them with gang rape. â€Å"Wilding – the newest term for terror in a city that lives in fear,† wrote the New York Post on April 22 (Hancock 38). I think term â€Å"Wilding† defined by the Post writers can be referred to the violent raves in A Clockwork Orange.In Burgess’s A Clockwork Orange political pragmatism reigns: venal politicians grasp at sure and easy ways to erase crime; the police are as violent as the criminals they battle; political reformers are prepared to destroy ‘victims’ like Alex in their attempts to bring down the government. These mainstream social/ political structures try, but fail, to reduce Alex to ‘a clockwork orange’. Works Cited Burgess, Anthony. A Clockwork Orange. New York: Norton, 1963. Hancock, Lynnell. â€Å"Wolf Pack: The Press and the Central Park Jogger. † Columbia Journalism Review. Vol. : 41, 5 January-February 2003, 38.

Sociology class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Sociology class - Essay Example The factors are associated with the mannerism, behavior, family background, cultural predisposition of the society, family unit, outlook, opinion, mindset, outlook of the individual that broadly depends on the upbringing and the family orientation. These are the basic factors or elements which contribute to the personality of the individual and hence the individual's attitude towards others. A congenial, co-operative, understanding, empathic attitude in the family nurtures and inculcates the positive attitude in the personal disposition of the child and in every family member. This attitude aids in positive gesture, actions and feelings. A positive attitude towards mankind, influencing thoughts and personal attitude brings a soft attitude. In contrast, if the individuals is brought up with frustration and abuse then the personality displays such traits through short tempered nature, aggressive temperament, unhealthy feelings towards others, negative approach for life and also for peo ple. It is essential to study sociology as it relates to people and how they interact with their environment. It is related with the anthropology and psychology. Society has interrelationships and networks.

Establish a multistate specialty medical clinic Essay

Establish a multistate specialty medical clinic - Essay Example First and foremost, physicians and other trained personnel for instance doctors need to have a degree in their related field and approved by the medical practitioners association. Apparently, this is mandated to ensure the highest level of efficiency in healthcare provision. On the contrary, the licensing protocol may vary form one state to another depending on the laws of the particular state regarding healthcare. Actually, in our state, in in order to obtain a medicine practicing license one has to undergo an additional vetting board. Apparently, this is to ensure high quality of medical service provision. Notably, this is in contradiction with other states. Evidently, in order to be a medical doctor or doctor of osteopathy in this clinic, one must have a degree in medicine and surgery and a working experience of about two years. Moreover, for an advanced registered nurse practitioner, a degree in nursing and a working experience of one year is mandatory. Furthermore, for a physica l and occupational therapist, a degree in physical therapy and psychology is

Changes in Australian Employment Relations Essay

Changes in Australian Employment Relations - Essay Example This essay consists of four sections which shed light on the interference of the Australian government in the employment relationship. The first section will observe the prevalence of employment relations in Australia. The second section analyzes the past trends in Australian government interference in employment relations. The next section discusses the changes in the employment relationship. The final section provides an overall evaluation of the interference of the Australian government in employment relations.The employment relationship is described within many contexts, including economic, political, social, cultural, technological and global arenas. â€Å"The employment relationship is the legal link between employers and employees. It exists when a person performs work or services under certain conditions in return for remuneration. It is through the employment relationship, however, defined, that reciprocal rights and obligations are created between the employee and the empl oyer†. Political parties played a major role in the interference of the government in employment relations. â€Å"The State influences the employment relationship directly through laws on wages (e.g. minimum wages), working conditions (e.g. on hours of work) and many other issues, and through its role as the employer of public sector workers. It also has a series of indirect influences†. The laws made by the State are effectively implemented by the government. The term State and government are often used interchangeably. In Australia, laws have been implemented by the State regarding the employment relation. The employment relationship in Australia has an old history in which political parties played a major role. The employment relationship is often associated with industries and is sometimes known as industrial relations.  

Nursing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nursing - Case Study Example Similarly, the individual level performances of the organizational members are satisfactory enough as the employees are happy and satisfied with their jobs. They do not find any hardship during the course of action in completing their tasks. Every employee is happy and satisfied with his/her job. Employees do have decent relationship among each other. All these employees do respect each other. They do share things with each other including work related information. They also assist each other in completing their tasks. In trouble times, they get together and work on ideas and strategies to get out of those troubles. They have good communication mechanism among each other. The orders and instructions of Joe, the president, are highly respected and taken care of, in a good faith. His instructions are obeyed. The leadership skills shown by Joe are also pretty much acceptable to the subordinated working under him. He is respected, and he respects others too. He gives chances to the subor dinates to have their say. He gives and instructions and in response, he is reported by the subordinates. Group Level – No Signs at all Besides all these good things happening in the metric division, yet there is some serious lacking that can be observed quite easily. This is lack of groups and teams working in the division. There are no signs of groups or teams working together. There finds no image of project based teams. What really missing in this division is the group level that is not found anywhere in the organizational system. Overall, it looks as if every person works for himself and the organization, nobody is interested in working under a team. Teams do have their advantages and disadvantages, but their advantages are far more than their side effects. Teams normally work under a leader on certain projects within specified deadlines. They have a formal goal to achieve. That goal gives team members a sense of motivation, identity and a charm to work more and good for themselves, for their teams and ultimately for the organization. The team structure provides the synergy effect such that the efforts of all individuals working under a team are magnified to produce a better resultant in the end. More brains give more ideas and techniques of performing the tasks in a more efficient way. Thus, under the leadership of a sensible individual, team workings can bring advantages to the organization. Feedback The feedback method that should be used in this case is one on one Interview with each employee. The problem which is arising in this organization is that they are good in working at individual level and organizational level but while working as a team, there are numerous problems which they experience. They face problems especially in Group Functioning. It is essential for every organization to have such group members which coordinate and cooperate while working in teams. But in this case, coordination and willingness of participation is lacking. Af ter doing one on one interview, it is essential to take a group interview as well. In group interview, a specific number of team members must be allocated and a group discussion should be commenced in order to find what problems are arising while working as a team. At the end of the discussion, there are chances of reaching to a particular conclusion and

Toyota Socio Cultural Bus310 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Toyota Socio Cultural Bus310 - Essay Example According to Kennedy (2003), one of the main factors that affect sales of Toyota Motor Company’s brands is socio-cultural factors as the document discusses. Every regional cluster differs in trends, size and customer preferences. The document compares the ASEAN and American clusters. The ASEAN cluster is the cluster that the Japanese automakers have dominated more than other clusters in the world. The Toyota Motor Company makes most of the sales in this cluster than any other part of the world. On the other hand, the American cluster is another consumer of the products of Toyota motor company (Liker & Meier, 2006). However, the rate of consumption is lower as compared to that of the ASEAN cluster. Socio-cultural factors are the leading cause of this notable difference between these two clusters. The socio-cultural factors affect the customer preferences of these two clusters. The aspect has hence caused the Toyota Motor Company to make use of a region-centric approach in the delivery of its products. The region-centric approach entails offering products to regions or clusters with respect to the culture and economies of the respective cluster. The ASEAN cluster, therefore, receives different products from the American cluster. The availability of local brands in the American cluster such as Ford is one of the social factors that affect the consumption of Toyota brands in America. Toyota model being an Asian product has consequently received much support in the ASEAN cluster which is an Asian based cluster. The aspect, therefore, clearly indicates that the brands consumers tend to lean more on the products that are of their own which is based on socio-cultural aspect (Liker & Meier, 2007). The Toyota Motor Company, however, has greatly achieved in making its sales despite variation in factors that tend to define the rate of their product’s consumption. The region-centric approach is one of the major approaches that are attributed to the company’s

Letter to the Committee Saying Why Brain Rejuvenation Should Not Be Essay

Letter to the Committee Saying Why Brain Rejuvenation Should Not Be Allowed - Essay Example Within the context of brain transplant, a person is only identical to the later person if the later person has the entire body as the earlier person, subsequently, brain rejuvenation results to memory duplication whereby a person’s memory can be used by several other persons. Prior to the suggested â€Å"brain rejuvenation† procedure on Nick, Dr. Mathews performed a â€Å"brain transplant† operation on Julia North and subsequently the members of the committee agreed that Julia North’s life was saved. Perhaps we may need to understand a few basics and events that led to this case. Before this operation, Julia North was a young woman run over by a car in efforts to save the life of a child who wandered onto the tracks. Mary Frances who was the child’s mother had stroke while watching the events unfold. The two victims were brought to this facility where Dr. Mathews performed his ‘Brain transplant’ operation which the committee approved an d agreed that saved Julia’s life. It is also important to note that at the time of accident, the survivor, Julia North’s body was dying and the brain was okay and Dr. Mathews transferred her brain into another body. The committee further agreed that it was Julia’s life that was saved since the survivor had memories of Julia based on the being Julia. While arriving at this conclusion, this committee must have been guided by the sophisticated memory account that provides that when a person is numerically identical to a later person if and only if the person has memories of being earlier person that is so caused in the right way. My objection for this matter rests with Cohen’s views on this matter. Julia North had one up until the time of accident, and another body after the operation. This implies that one person had two bodies. Therefore a person cannot be simply identified with a human body and therefore something must be wrong with the view that the comm ittee had adopted on this case as it implies that if a similar operation were to be carried out on brain transplant, then afterwards this person would be a person with new body since the person with that body has a memory of having a similar case as Julia if caused in the ‘right way.’ Right in this scenario has a particular meaning of interest, and must satisfy three conditions; if a subject experiences some event, this experience leaves a trace in the brain of the event and this trace that has been left is later responsible for content of a memory, then in this way we can say that the memory is caused in the right way. Dear members, we are faced with another problem of a new technique called ‘Brain rejuvenation’ yet to be performed on Nick. While adopting earlier propositions to defend approving Julia’s case we are also suggesting that the same logic as earlier proposed would be applicable and as such the committee is justified in saying that Nick w ould be the survivor of the operation , and I quote, â€Å"Nick would be the survivor of the brain rejuvenation procedure because the survivor would have the memories of being Nick and there would be more than one person of being Nick.† But dear members, Nick cannot be more than one person and this do not seems right. Using the same procedure as advanced in this new ‘brain rejuvenation’ process, the committee has argued that saving Nick’s life will be accomplished by replacing his brain with a duplicated brain from someone else and as such his survival are justified on the premise that the same bodies would be of this new person, say Alex and that Nick would then have Alex’s memories and they remember them in the right way. Premised on the duplication theory, when someone

Ibsen and his discontents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ibsen and his discontents - Essay Example bsen, would yet appreciate that marriage, with all its flaws, is still better than its alternative (celibacy) and that human existence (more so in the confines of marriage) can never be perfect. Ibsen, on the other hand, simply asserts that marriage is the root cause of all evil and sadness in the world (Dalrymple, 2005). A gifted yet controversial writer, many people (mostly women) regard Ibsen as the writer who was not afraid to write about the ‘facts’ that others feared to write about. Ibsen looks at marriage and proposes new ways of approaching it that, according to him, will liberate mankind from the relentless strife and turmoil present in marriages. Ibsen first reckons that most people marry for money and that there is no true love in marriages hence. He says that women go for the security and pride in marrying rich made men while men opt for women who are cheap to manage financially. Secondly, Ibsen underlines that societal pressures put a lot of pressure, and thus melancholy, in couples who have to put up appearances in the public which are contrary to their genuine feelings and selves. He adds that notions of respectability and the fear of shame (such as of a struggling/ broken marriage) enslaves married couples and renders their lives meaningless, miserable, degraded and viole nt (Dalrymple, 2005). Ibsen also insinuates that marriages pair people who would not choose each other if circumstances of life had been better/ different. In the wake of these marital and life ‘issues,’ Ibsen offers a solution - philosophical autonomy (Dalrymple, 2005). This is basically the call for each person to live according to their own standards/ principles, put self first (ahead of the partner and children) and pursue their own desires. Theodore disagrees with this remedy and records that he has seen countless such minded parents who abandon their children and so subject them to lives of despair, damage, disease, moral degradation and death. According to Theodore,

What is a myth Essay Example for Free

What is a myth Essay It is a traditional story based on ancient beliefs of different communities and having supernatural explanations of facts or natural phenomena. The mythical story is related to religious beliefs, for that reason, has a ritual character, ie presents invariable elements and is distinguished by its durability. The purpose of myth is not to entertain, as with the story, but to explain the meaning of life. So there are certain subjects such as the origin of man and the universe, which are treated in the myths of all cultures. The myth responds to a particular way of seeing the world and to explain the phenomena that exist in it. Unlike science, which gives rational and logical explanations to these phenomena, the myth gives explanations mà ³gicas and somewhat fantastic. For this reason, events occur absurd myths, magic solutions exist and appear fabulous characters. The fact that different communities have similar concerns led to the creation of myths about the same phenomena in different cultures. In the myth of Phaeton these aspects are reflected in the following manner: Phenomenon: The origin of deserts and of the black race. Made fantastic: Phaeton driving the chariot of the sun to prove its divine origin. Universality: The phenomenon, how it is explained and the characters are repeated with some different characteristics in myths of other communities. Classification of myths beind coded contents: Cosmogenic: explain the creation of the world. Theogonic: explain the origin of the gods.   Antropogà ³nicos: explain the appearance of man Etiological: explain political, religious and social. Morales: Explain ethical principles opposites like good and evil, angels and demons. Features According to Mircea Eliade, myth is a sacred story that chronicles an event that happened during primeval time, in which the world had not yet stood. The events of the periodically recurring nature are explained as a result of the events narrated in the myth (for example, in Greek mythology the cycle of seasons is explained from the abduction of Persephone). However, not all myths refer to a time first also can address occurring after the origin, but distinguished by their importance and the changes they brought. In the view of Claude Levi-Strauss, structuralist anthropologist, every myth has three characteristics: †¢ This is an existential question concerning the creation of the earth, death, birth and the like. †¢ consists of irreconcilable opposites: creation vs destruction, life against death, gods against men or good vs. evil. †¢ provides the reconciliation of these poles in order to avert our anguish. For its part, the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski argued that no important aspect of life that is alien to the myth. Therefore, there are religious myths (such as the birth of the gods), politicians (such as the founding of Rome) or on particular issues (why corn became the main food of a people, as with the pre-Hispanic peoples of Mexico ). For Malinowski fundamental myths are narratives, while responding to the basic questions of human existence: reason to exist, because of what surrounds it, between otras.Malinowski also clarified that the myth of the order of beliefs and if it is an explanation, not a rational explanation, but cultural. Function of Myth Functions are multiple myths. However, in general, can accept three essential functions: explanatory and pragmatic meaning. The explanatory function refers to the myths explain, justify or develop the origin, purpose and because of some aspect of social or individual, for example, the Greek myth that tells how the world originated from Chaos or Genesis that says the birth of the woman from the rib of a man. The pragmatic function of myth implies that myths are the basis of certain social structures and actions as well, a myth can make a genealogical line and determine who can govern or not. With this feature, specify and justify myths why a situation is in a certain way and not another. The role of meaning refers to that myths are not just stories that provide explanations or political justifications also provide a comfort, calm life goal or individuals, so it is with myths that speak of death, suffering or victory therefore, the myths are stories away from the person, but function a s a handle existential, a motive, according to the American psychoanalyst, Rollo May. The three functions are usually combined steadily. Types of Myths We distinguish several kinds of myths: †¢ cosmogonic myths: attempt to explain the creation of the world. Are the most universally widespread and there is a greater amount. Often, lies the origin of the earth in a primordial ocean. Sometimes, a race of giants, like the Titans, plays a crucial role in this creation, in this case, such giants, which are usually demigods, are the first people on earth. †¢ Myths theogonic: tell the origin of the gods. For example, Athena comes armed from the head of Zeus. †¢ anthropogenic Myths: narrating the appearance of human beings, who can be created from any material, alive (a plant, an animal) or inert (dust, mud, clay, etc..). The gods taught to live on earth. Usually linked to the cosmogonic myths. †¢ Myths etiological explain the origin of beings, things, techniques and institutions. †¢ moral Myths: explain the existence of good and evil. †¢ Foundational Myths: tell how the cities were founded by the will of the gods. An example is the founding of Rome by two twins, Romulus and Remus, who were suckled by a she-wolf. †¢ Myths eschatological: announce the future, the end of the world. They still have wide audience. These myths include two major classes, depending on the element that causes the destruction of the world: water or fire. They are often linked to astrology. The imminent end is announced by a higher frequency of eclipses, earthquakes, and all sorts of natural disasters that terrorize humans. The classic example is the Apocalypse, considered as such by Bertrand Russell.1 Reading literal, allegorical and symbolic While myths appear to have been originally proposed as literally true stories, the dialectic between the worlds mythical explanation and philosophical and scientific development has favored non-literal readings of myth, according to which they should not be subject to belief, but interpretation. Thus the allegorical reading of myths, born in Greece in the Hellenistic period, proposes to interpret the gods as personifications of natural elements. This commitment finds its continuation in later theories, such as widespread in the nineteenth century by Max Mà ¼ller, whereby myths stories stem from misunderstood about the sun, which has been personified, becoming an anthropomorphic (the hero or sun god). Reading symbolic believes the myth contains accurate content, but not on what is apparently, but on the mental contents of its creators and users. Thus, the myth about a god instituted the week to create the world in seven days contains truthful about how society divided the time it was created and which divisions between the inanimate and the animate, the different types of animals and man etc.. Myths also contain useful guidelines for behavior: role models or avoid all known stories with which to relate individual experiences. Modern studies on the myth fall into three basic positions: †¢ the functionalist, developed by the anthropologist Malinowski examines what myths are used in everyday life (behavior reinforcement, argument from authority, etc.). †¢ structuralist, initiated by Levi-Strauss, examines the construction of myths locating contrary or complementary elements that appear in it and how they are related; †¢ the symbolism, which has classical references in Jung, Bachelard and Gilbert Durand, believes that the key element of the myth is a symbol, a tangible item but full of resonance or significance that refers to archetypal contents of the human psyche. (An example is the Child archetype Elder, contradictory figure who appears as a character in appearance or behavior longtime child-like Merlin or a baby or child who is capable of speaking and endowed with vast knowledge, typical of an old-the baby Jesus lecturing to doctors.) Difference between myth and other stories Often myth is often confused with other types of stories as tales, fables and legends. However, are not equal. There are several differences between myth and folk tale: while the stories are presented as fictions, myths are presented as true stories. Function also varies: the myth is essentially etiological (clear how they came to a certain situation, why the sea is salty or man is mortal, for example), while the values ​​transmitted folktale (better skill than strength, good always has its reward, the impostor is always open, etc..). In addition, the plot of the stories is usually simple, while myths are part of a complex, in which each story is connected with the other by recurrent characters, places, etc.. (So, for example, the story of Jason is related to myths about Heracles, as this is one of the Argonauts). The fables myths differ from the characters (those fables are animals human conduct the myths, gods, heroes and monsters) and by function (fables contain a moral message, which usually appears at the end collected of them as moral, while myths are etiological). As for the legends, are presented, as well as myths, like true stories and often have a causal role (used, for example, to explain how a lineage came to power, which underpins its political legitimacy), but Unlike myths, happening in real time, historic places recognized by the listener or reader, and often with real actors (cf. the legends of Charlemagne or El Cid). The same pattern may appear in a myth, a story or legend, depending on how you present the story (true or fictional) and what your role (etiological, educational, entertainment ). Thus, noted how the plot of the Oedipus myth reappears in the medieval legend of Judas Iscariot makes a murderer of his father who marries without knowing his mother.

Classic Hero Story In Movie Shane Film Studies Essay

Classic Hero Story In Movie Shane Film Studies Essay The movie Shane is about a former gunslinger, named Shane. Shane comes into the homestead of a simple family, the Starretts, who are being bullied by Ryker, a cattle rancher, to move off of what he sees as his land. Shane stays with the Starretts as a farmhand. He encounters resistance from some of Rykers men when he goes into town to buy new clothes and soda for Joey, the Starretts young son. Shane is accepted as a quiet presence in the settler community and is adored by Joey and Marion, the Starrett matriarch. Joe, the patriarch, becomes an ally to Shane, and helps him fight off Rykers men on a trip to the general store. When a settler is killed by a dangerous gunslinger, Jack Wilson, Shane goes and saves the settlers from the gunslinger. After the battle, in which he is hurt, Shane moves on from the town, against the wishes of the Starrett family. Shane contains a classic heros story and archetypes typically found in heros journeys. Shane is the reluctant-loner hero. It is never revealed in Shane where Shane comes from, only that he was a former gunslinger, looking to put his past behind him. He rides into the Starrett farm alone. He doesnt come to the Starrett family expecting to encounter any trouble. Shane was looking to settle down peacefully with them. The symbolism in the movie that indicates this is Shanes trading his frontier clothing for jeans and a button up shirt at the general store, and his help in removing the stump from the Starretts homestead. When Shane learns of the conflict between Ryker and the settlers, he at first tries to shy away from getting involved. When Shane buys Joey some soda pop, Shane is confronted by Rykers men for not ordering a manly drink. He is mocked, and even has whiskey thrown on his new shirt in an attempt to provoke him, yet Shane, even though he is embarrassed, leaves without a confrontation. Shane doesnt want to fight. When all the homesteaders return to the store in a united stand against Ryker, Shane is once again confronted by Rykers men. Shane this time starts a fight, after being provoked about Marion, in which Joe also joins in, and ends up defeating the men. During the end of the film, in which Shane has to face up against Jack Wilson to create peace for the homesteaders, Shane goes alone. Before going to the fight he again trades in his clothes, from the work clothes to his former frontier outfit that he came to the Starretts in. After the gunfight, in which he is injured, Shane rides off alone; his fate is left up to the imagination. Since he is injured, and there is no help anywhere close in the frontier, it is possible that he rode off to die alone. He is a solitary figure and a solitary fighter. When he reverts back to his old gun fighting ways, he doesnt want to involve anyone else, not even Joe. Joe, Marion, Joey, Chris Calloway, and Jack Wilson play roles as classic archetypes present in the Heros journey. Joe Starrett plays the mentor. The mentor is there to help the hero. They guide the hero and help to encourage the hero to the right path. (Campbell) Joe is there to teach Shane the ways of the homesteader, their first act together is to remove the giant tree stump from his yard. He also acts as the boss to Shane. Joe is what Shane wants to be, he is a successful settler with his own land and family. Shane learns from Joe how to be a successful man in the community, by attending meetings with the settlers, and how to take care of a piece of the land, by becoming his farmhand. Marion plays the shape shifter and the threshold guardian in Shane. The shape shifter misleads and creates doubt in the hero and the threshold guardian tests the heros readiness and commitments. (Campbell) It is obvious in the looks and body language of Marion that she has come to idolize Shane in a way that is nothing short of love and adoration. She dresses up for the July fourth picnic in her wedding dress, it is her tenth wedding anniversary, yet she ends up dancing with Shane, while her husband looks on. Also, when Shane is going to confront Jack Wilson, Marion asks if he is going to do it for her. He responds that he is going to fight for the entire family, not just Marion, therefore proving that he had overcome her tests of female sexuality. While he may dance and interact with Marion, he is never anything but polite and doesnt encourage a furthering of their relationship beyond friendship. Joey acts as the herald. The herald is the news bringer, and often acts at the beginning of the heros journey, initiating the journey. Joey is the first person to spot Shane and tells his parents about his arrival. He is also there at the fight between Joe, Shane and Rykers men. He informs his father that Shane is in a fight, and Joe comes to step into the fight after hearing the news . Joey is consistently close to Shane, which is not surprising, since he idolizes him. This makes him the perfect person to bring news to the rest of the settlers. The trickster archetype, the one who pokes fun at the hero, is Chris Calloway. Calloway is the man who is in the bar both times that exclaims that Shane is just another Sodbuster, and when Shane is ordering a Soda pop, he is wheedling him into ordering a more manly drink. Calloway is very much a bully, but he is portrayed not as a great villain, but as a drunken, misguided man. The shadow, or the representation of Shanes darkest desires, is Jack Wilson. Wilson is everything that Shane once was, everything that Shane is trying to get away from. Shane knows that he could be feared like Wilson, but has since put this lifestyle behind him. During the last showdown between Shane and Wilson, Shane is fighting a representation of his past self. The whole film is the Heros journey. Shanes journey starts as soon as Joey spots him coming through the Starretts land. He sacrifices his own needs, his desire to become a settler and not be ruled by guns and violence. This makes him reluctant to stand up against Ryker and his men. He also saves Joe Starretts life. At the end of the movie, when Joe is determined to save his land from Ryker and Jack Wilson, Shane fights Joe, his mentor, to save his life. In this way, Shane not only saves Joes life, by not allowing him to fight what should be his fight, he also saves the life of Marion and Joey. Without Joe, Joey and Marion would be left alone in the wilderness with no one to provide for them. Shane takes the challenging route in the end of the movie. He is sacrificing everything for the Starretts. He fights for those who have become important in his life; even though he knows that he will be giving them up after the fight. His interaction with the classic hero archetypes helps him become the hero and while he leaves right after the big fight is over, he is sure to become a myth among the settlers, who will take the story that Joey tells them and make it in to one of legend.

The Nature of Good and Evil in Stevensons The Strange case of Dr Jekyl

The Nature of Good and Evil in Stevenson's The Strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Introduction: Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is the story of a gifted doctor who discovers a drug which can release the evil side of one's nature. This drug changes Dr Jekyll into Mr Hyde. Stevenson does not reveal the details of Jekyll's story until the end of the novel, but presents the tale as mystery, in which the main characters try to figure out the identity of Mr Hyde and understand his strange relationship with Dr Jekyll. This story follows the gothic genre and below I will explain some gothic features that are used in this story This story follows 'The Faust Motif'. This is The use of a monster (Mr Hyde) Due to the fact that he looks abnormal, disabled and is ugly people feel uncomfortable around him and scared to stand anywhere near him. Another feature would be that Dr Jekyll has a second self or in other words an alternate identity being Mr Hyde. This book uses multiple narratives. This is when the story is told through many different perspectives so that the reader can make up his own mind about what the story is actually about. This story we first hear through the perspective of Mr Utterson and Mr Enfield as they try to discover the relationship between Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Then as the story progresses we hear Mr Hyde's story and towards the end we hear Dr Jekyll' story. I think that Stevenson was trying to show that good and evil cannot be changed or intervened with using the aid of science. He gets his point across when we find out how Dr Jekyll ends up suffering and leading to his own downfall by trying to get rid of hi... ...t they have seen, experienced and had evidence of rather than talking about what they have heard Conclusion In this essay I have gone through the main points of the story. From the beginning where Mr Hyde tramples the young girl and Mr Utterson and Mr Enfield decide to track Mr Hyde. Then I carried on by going onto how the doors of houses and other places can symbolise what is behind them and what type of person uses them. After that I analysed Mr Hyde in depth and discussed his actions. Including when he trampled the young girl and paid her family money to avoid any sort of trouble. Then he brutally murdered Sir Danvers Carew, even though from the maids perspective it seemed as if they were friends. Then I commented on the use of multiple narratives and the relationship between the narrators.

Hacking :: science

Hacking Describe a negative aspect of ICT’s impact on the information society. Describe how ICT has brought this about and what society is has done in response to it. Abstract Hacking has been and still disease different societies suffer from. The essay aims to provide the reader with knowledge regarding the effects hacking caused to our society, and how the society responded and tried to solve or minimize those effects. Different issues regarding hacking are discussed, such as the motivations that were behind guiding hackers who were at first computer professional to perform unauthorized activities, at the same time a discussion about the types of attacks can be found. The society response to hacking attacks lacks till this moment the ability to stop or completely prevent attacks from happening because as long as security tools are developed, more sophisticated hacking attacks are invented. That’s why we should start to think about hacker’s psychology as the main way to prevent and stop attacks by understanding their needs or desires. Introduction The Oxford English Dictionary defines hacking as â€Å"cut or chop roughly; mangle: cut (one’s way)†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ to its present definition as â€Å"gain unauthorized access (to data in a computer)†. Banks (1997:11) defines hacking as â€Å"something that boring mainframe computer operators did to improve performance and battle boredom.† Here banks focuses on boredom as the reason of hacking. A more technical definition of hacking according to Digital Guards data base (2001) is â€Å"unauthorized use, or attempts to circumvent or bypass the security mechanisms of an information system or network.† Darlington (2001) believes hacking is not limited to accessing data or information but also includes an attack on the privacy of all people. Almost all different opinions agree on the illegality of hacking. On the other hand the word hacker is the agent of hack or hacking and it was defined as a person who enjoys accessing files whether for fun, imposing power or the interest related to the accessed files or data according to Taylor (1999). While Marotta (in Taylor, 1993) has a negative view of the hacker as a data lord, a barbarian who takes what he wants. Himanen (2001) defines hacker as any person who performs illegal actions whether they were related to computer or not which means the usage of a device apart from its functionality. Seems hacking according to Himanen is related to any illegal or unauthorized action. Seebach (1999) finds hacker as a person who feels delighted and full of joy when being able to access a system and break the security utilities but Himanen (2001) doesn’t consider hacker as a thief.

Vulnerability Of Children Contributing Factors Health And Social Care Essay

The intent of this chapter is to set up an apprehension of the province of kids in South Africa, to understand the contributing factors to their exposure – impacting their quality of life on a multi-dimensional degree, and the impact of HIV and AIDS as one of the primary subscribers to kids ‘s exposure. In visible radiation of the information provided within this chapter, the full extent of the basic demands of kids in South Africa could supply a foundation for understanding the church ‘s yesteryear successes and failures in order to advance a possible pressing consideration of new attacks. the province of kids There is an pressing call for the engagement of faith-based administrations ( FBO, like the church ) , non-governmental administrations ( NGO ) and local authoritiess to help in turn toing the demands of vulnerable kids ( Blackman, 2007 ; Musa, 2005 ; Olsen, Knight & A ; Foster, 2006 ; Stephenson, Gourley, & A ; Miles, 2004 ) . This pressing call stems is in visible radiation of the hapless quality of life for these kids, every bit good as the lending factor of the HIV and AIDS pandemic. The church and other FBO ‘s have been recognised by assorted writers and administrations in their partnership and function in community-based administrations ( CBO ) ( Hoff, 1998 ; Olson, Messinger, Sutherland & A ; Astone, 2005 ; Olson, Knight & A ; Foster, 2006 ; Unruh & A ; Sider, 2005 ) . The function of churches is widely recognised as a alteration agent whose engagement goes beyond merely the here and now. But Unruh and Sider ( 2005 ) every bit good as Mitchell ( 2001 ) argue that churches, who are already involved in community development as their attack to societal ministries, are non every bit effectual as they ought to be and name for the pressing consideration of their attacks, underlying positions and motivations. This urges the church to grok what the specific demands of orphaned and vulnerable kids are, and to see its effectivity and its positions on how these demands can be addressed. Within the recommended community development response for the church as outlined by assorted writers ( August, 1999 ; Dreyer, 2004 ; Du Toit, 2002 ; Liebenberg, 1996 ; Myers, 1999 ; Myers, 2006 and Vilanculo, 1998 ) , there is an pressing call to be needs-based that is developed through the assorted methods and rules such a response involves. It is hence indispensable to grok the general province of kids, as the causes of exposure amongst kids can merely be understood when their worlds are explained and projected. Merely within the apprehension of their exposure and lending factors, can kids ‘s demands be efficaciously met and thereby their quality of life improved. There are assorted statistical estimations and projections on the worlds of kids, refering the Numberss of orphans and vulnerable kids ( OVC ) in South Africa. Within these assorted beginnings, disagreements were identified between the different beginnings. The informations include projections with respect to HIV prevalence, orphanage, AIDS related deceases and even entire populations. These disagreements were compared and discussed within the work of Dorrington et Al. ( 2006:27 ) for the twelvemonth 2005. No existent informations on the true province of orphans and vulnerable kids ( OVC ) were found or concluded as the available statistical informations are all projections. Dorrington et Al. ( 2006:17 ) reaffirm the usage of the ASSA2003 Model, but promote comparing with other projections. Bray ( 2003:44 ) raises farther concerns sing the methods used to cipher the estimations and projections in regard of orphans and vulnerable kids ( OVC ) , but Bray is even more concerned with what one does with these projections and calls for the careful usage of such projected informations. Her concerns are based on the labelling of the kids every bit good as the intended results of intercessions and the nature thereof. No beginning could nevertheless be found that denies the estimations and projections of orphans and vulnerable kids ( OVC ) . For this ground, merely statistical informations from four important beginnings, due to their planetary engagement, leading and protagonism in this respect – ASSA2003 Model ( University of Cape Town ) , Statistics South Africa, UNAIDS and UNICEF – will be referred to in sing the regional and national informations. The beginnings used in this survey can be accepted as reliable and trusty due to the beginnings ‘ national and international activism for kids and research within this field of survey. Due to the tendency in the past ten old ages of projected figures fluctuating to an undependable extent, these projections will be handled with great cautiousness. It besides needs to be stressed that all projections and statistics provided here are estimates merely. The statistical information provided within this survey are included simply for the apprehension of the worlds kids are confronting and the part of these fortunes to the exposure of kids. Statistical beginnings from chiefly the past eight old ages ( 2001 – 2009 ) will be quoted and referred to, and all other beginnings ( older than four old ages and other than ASSA, Stats SA, UNAIDS and UNICEF ) will be weighed against these to find the liberty of their statements and statements. 2.2.1 Specifying ‘orphans ‘ and ‘vulnerable kids ‘ In order to grok the world of vulnerable kids within the context of this survey, a clear apprehension of the two footings ‘orphans ‘ and ‘vulnerable kids ‘ is needed. Skinner et al. , ( 2006:620 ) refers to â€Å" the importance of sing the state of affairs of kids orphaned by AIDS † , but emphasizes that by looking at orphans affected by AIDS merely, does non embrace the full graduated table of the world of kids, since the HIV pandemic every bit good as environing poorness â€Å" are making a context in which big Numberss of kids are † made vulnerable. It needs to be stated clearly that within the apprehension of the world of kids and intercessions to help them, it is acknowledged that HIV and AIDS are a major subscriber, but non the primary cause or subscriber to the exposure of kids. HIV and AIDS characteristic as outstanding factors lending to the exposure of kids but it can non be separated from other lending factors. Orphans Harmonizing to Skinner et Al. ( 2006:620 ) â€Å" the most recognized definition of an orphan is a kid who has lost one or both parents through decease † But this definition could besides include â€Å" loss of parents through abandonment or if the parents are unable or unwilling to supply attention † . They refer in most instances to the absent parent as being the male parent ( Skinner et al. , 2006:620 ) . Within the literature consulted, the age of the kid includes from birth and varies up to between 15 and 21, depending on the context and the degree of dependence on care-givers. Harmonizing to Skinner et al. , ( 2006:620 ) , within the orphan grouping, degrees of exposure are discerned by an apprehension of the direct environment of these kids. These environmental apprehensions are used to understand these orphans within an inexplicit categorization system, â€Å" such as the nature of their health professionals i.e. , drawn-out households, surrogate parents, community health professionals, child-headed families † and institutional attention, the degree of extra aid required, and between ‘maternal ‘ , ‘paternal ‘ and ‘double ‘ orphans ( 2006:620 ) . Assorted writers have raised their concerns with respect to stigmatisations when specifying an orphan within a group such as ‘AIDS-orphans ‘ ; or their degree of exposure within their environmental apprehension such as the term ‘OVC ‘ ( Engle, 2008:9 ; Save the Children, 2007:29 ; Skinner et al. , 2006:620 ; Smart, 2003:4 ) . Care must hence be taken with how any term associating to orphans and vulnerable kids ( OVC ) is used as they become objectified or marks for stigma and segregation which farther contributes to their exposure. Vulnerable Children Vulnerability is non an absolute province because there are grades of exposure which depend on the state of affairs of the kid. Harmonizing to Skinner et Al. ( 2006:620 ) there are â€Å" a figure of lending factors to a kid ‘s exposure † and each of these â€Å" adds to the cumulative burden that the kid carries † . For them, â€Å" the extent of the crisis and extra jobs associated with it besides affect the impact on the kid † ( 2006:620 ) . Vulnerability is a really complex construct to specify and really frequently the understanding thereof is limited to the circumstance of the kid. Harmonizing to Smart, ( 2003:4 ) â€Å" the construct of exposure is non merely restricted to persons, such as kids, but is frequently used to mention to families every bit good. † There does look to be a nexus between poorness and exposure proposing that policies and intercessions to better exposure among the hapless in general, will besides hold a positive impact on deprived orphans and vulnerable kids ( OVC ) ( Smart, 2003:4 ) . The South African Department of Social Development, defines a vulnerable kid as â€Å" a kid whose endurance, attention, protection or development may be compromised due to a peculiar status, state of affairs or circumstance and which prevents the fulfillment of his or her rights † ( 2005:5 ) . These conditions could be identified by the undermentioned standards harmonizing to Department of Social Development ( 2005:13 ) , Engle ( 2008:10 ) and Skinner et al. , ( 2006:623 ) : A kid who is below the age of 18, and meets one or more of the undermentioned standard, is made vulnerable by it as it influences their quality of life: Has a inveterate sick parent/caregiver ( regardless of whether the parent/caregiver lives in the same family as the kid ) , or Lifes in a family where in the past 12 months at least one grownup died and was sick for 3 of the 12 months before he/she died, or Lifes in a family where at least one grownup was earnestly sick for at least 3 months in the past 12 months, or Populating with really old and frail health professionals, or Lifes in a family that receives and attentions for orphans, or Lifes outside of household attention ( i.e. , lives in an establishment or on the streets ) , Is born of a teenage or individual female parent ; Is abused or ill-treated by a step-parent or relations ; Is populating with a parent or an grownup who lacks income-generating chances ; Has lost one or both parents ; Children whose endurance, well-being or development is impacted by HIV or AIDS ; â€Å" Any physical or mental disability ; or any other long-run trouble that would do it hard for the kid to work independently † Skinner et al. , ( 2006:623 ) . These indexs could include the following invariably present marks: deficient nutrition, marks of hungriness, marks of deficient slumber, â€Å" hapless hygiene or can non prosecute in personal attention and does non hold vesture or vesture is soiled or damaged ( Skinner et al. , 2006:623 ) . â€Å" Illness, either HIV or other major unwellness ; and emotional or psychological jobs † ( Skinner et al. , 2006:623 ) ; Harmonizing to them these indexs could include apathy or weakness that might demo in the kid as being unhappy, dull, being suffering or deficiency of motive, disregard of school assignment, irregular attending of school or non executing good at school, low school registration rates, high repeat rates, and/or high bead out rates ( 2006:623 ) . Low immunization and limited or no entree to wellness services, malnutrition, and a high load of disease ; â€Å" Maltreatment at emotional, physical or sexual degree ; usage of drugs ( e.g. , gum, intoxicant, coffin nails, marihuana or cleft ) and non having equal attention † ( Skinner et al. , 2006:623 ) – peculiarly love, counsel and support ; intra-household disregard when compared to other kids in the family ( 2006:623 ) . At a higher hazard than their local equals of sing baby, kid and adolescent mortality ; Family and community maltreatment and ill-treatment ( torment and force ) ; Economic and sexual development, due to miss of attention and protection It can be concluded, that even though the HIV and AIDS pandemic is apparent as a major subscriber and the presence of it will be seeable in about every facet of being vulnerable ; these every bit good as other factors lending to exposure, must be acknowledged and considered within the wider context of other kids. HIV and AIDS is non the lone subscriber to the job of orphanage and exposure. Other factors like poorness, wars, maltreatment, non-HIV related unwellnesss and natural and unnatural deceases, contribute significantly to the job of orphanage and exposure amongst kids ( Simbayi, Kleintjies, Ngomane, Tabane, Mfecane & A ; Davids, 2006:20 ) . It is therefore of import that HIV and orphan intercessions attend to the demands of all kids, instead than concentrating entirely on those kids affected by HIV/AIDS. 2.2 The SOCIAL STATe OF CHILDREN in SOUTH AFRICA South Africa is being considered as a underdeveloped state and an inspiration for the ‘African Renaissance ‘ and human-centered development. With South Africa presumable holding the universe ‘s best Fundamental law and Bill of Rights ( Dinokeng, 2009:9 ) , one would anticipate a contemplation thereof in the world of the lives of the kids of South Africa. The National image – the general province of South Africa ‘s kids The undermentioned informations are twelvemonth specific, but reflects the exposure of kids in South Africa which is the primary focal point of the inclusion of this information in this survey. In 2006, there were 18.2 million kids in South Africa and they constituted 38 % of the state ‘s population, of which 38 % were between 6 and 12 old ages, 34 % being younger than 6 old ages and 28 % were adolescents ( 13 – 17 old ages old ) ( Proudlock, Dutschke, Jamieson, Monson & A ; Smith, 2008:64 ) . The livelihood-realities of South African kids From all the kids in South Africa, in 2006 an estimated 12.3 million or 68 % of them lived in families with an income of less than R1 200 per month ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:63 ) . A farther 2.8 million or 16 % of all kids were populating in families across South Africa where kids were reported as hungry ( ‘sometimes ‘ , ‘often ‘ or ‘always ‘ ) because there was non adequate nutrient ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:63 ; Stats SA, 2006:41 ) . An estimated 10 million or 54 % of South Africa ‘s kids lived in rural countries harmonizing to research done in 2004. The Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo states were home to approximately 74 % of all rural kids in South Africa of which Limpopo was proportionately the most rural state, where merely 12 % of kids lived in urban countries. In the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal states, there is more of an equal split between kids populating in urban and rural countries. In Gauteng there were 96 % and in the Western Cape 87 % of the kids urban-based. It is a general pattern that grownups populating in rural countries, frequently move to urban countries in hunt of work, while their kids remain in the rural countries and are cared for by the drawn-out household. There was an indicant that babies younger than one twelvemonth were more likely to be populating in urban countries than older kids, which suggests that babes born in urban countries ab initio remain with their female parents ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:87 ) . The figure of kids populating in informal lodging ( backyard homes or hovels in informal colonies ) increased from 2.3 million in 2002, to 2.6 million in 2006 and besides accounted for 12 % of all South African kids ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:86 ) . Children life in formal countries are more likely than those populating in informal or traditional homes to hold basic services on site. They are besides more likely to be closer to installations like schools, libraries, clinics and infirmaries than those populating in informal colonies or rural countries. Proudlock et Al. ( 2008:90 ) reflects on kids populating in informal colonies as being â€Å" more open to jeopardies such as hovel fires and paraffin toxic condition † . For them, â€Å" kids ‘s rights to adequate lodging agencies that they should non hold to populate in informal homes † ( 2008:86 ) . Overcrowding is related to a deficit of lodging and besides to the size of houses being built. In 2006, 5.2 million or 28 % of the entire child population lived in overcrowded families ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:90 ; Stats SA, 2006:41 ) . For Proudlock et Al. ( 2008:90 ) , â€Å" Overcrowding is a job because it can sabotage kids ‘s demands and rights † , and refer to the right to privateness, and wellness as catching diseases spread more easy in overcrowded conditions. For them, â€Å" kids in crowded families may fight to negociate infinite for their ain activities † . These kids may besides hold â€Å" less entree to basic services such as H2O and electricity † ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:90 ) . Good sanitation is critical for healthy childhood as there are a figure of negative effects for kids who are unable to entree proper lavatories. It is really hard to keep good hygiene without H2O and lavatories – kids are exposed to worms, bacterial infection which compromises nutrition. A deficiency of equal sanitation besides undermines human self-respect ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:91 ) . In 2006, merely 9.9 million, or 55 % of South Africa ‘s kids had entree to adequate lavatory installations and 11 million or 61 % of South Africa ‘s kids had entree to imbibing H2O on site ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:91 ) . In 2006, 10.6 million or 96 % of all kids of school-going age ( 7 – 17 old ages ) were go toing some signifier of school or educational installation. These figures nevertheless, are non an indicant of the regularity of kids ‘s school attending ; the quality of instruction and acquisition in schools, or about repeat and throughput rates ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:74 ; Stats SA, 2006:9 ) . A ground for concern is the figure of kids who did non go to an educational installation, as harmonizing to Proudlock et al. , ( 2008:74 ) and Stats SA, ( 2006:9 ) , in 2006 there were about 447,000 kids of school-going age that were non go toing an educational installation, of which 337,000 were kids aged 13 – 17. Every twelvemonth there are 20 000 babes stillborn and a farther 22 000 babes die before they are a month old ( 28 yearss ) , which accounted for 30 % of all child deceases in 2006 ( UNICEF, 2008:6 ) . The mortality informations for 2006 showed that the highest figure of deceases in the whole population occurred in the 0 – 4 old ages age group of which the under five twelvemonth mortality rate ( U5MR ) increased from 40 deceases per 1,000 unrecorded births in 2001 to 72 per 1,000 unrecorded births in 2005. The infant mortality rate ( IMR ) increased from 29 deceases per 1,000 unrecorded births in 2001 to 43 per 1,000 unrecorded births in 2005 ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:78 ; ) . It is estimated that one in every 17 kids dies before the age of 5 ( UNICEF, 2008:6 ) . Harmonizing to Proudlock et al. , ( 2008:80 ) the taking causes of decease in kids under five may be divided into four classs: Complications during and shortly after birth Harmonizing to them ( 2008:80 ) , â€Å" the prima causes of decease among kids younger than 15 old ages ( for 2000 to 2005 ) are related to perinatal upsets ( upsets that occur in the period of late gestation to seven yearss after birth ) † , which means that newborn kids and babies under one twelvemonth are peculiarly susceptible to diseases. Respiratory and cardiovascular upsets remain the primary cause of decease in the perinatal period and, since 2002, it is the highest specific class of decease among kids under 15 old ages. By the terminal of 2003, the perinatal mortality rate was 35.8 per 1,000 for all bringings, and 26.4 per 1,000 for all babies weighing more than 1,000 gms ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:80 ) . HIV-related unwellnesss HIV/AIDS remains the biggest menace to child endurance as the HIV- and AIDS-pandemic continues to lay waste to the wellbeing and endurance of kids ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:80 ) . Diseases straight related to poorness ( for illustration enteric infective diseases and malnutrition ) Gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases have shown a diminution in incidence since 1997, and malnutrition as a cause of decease, has halved between 2000 and 2005 ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:80 ) . Injury Unnatural causes of decease that account for injury are classified under â€Å" unspecified unnatural causes † , which makes up 7 % of child deceases in 2005 ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:80 ) . It was estimated for 2007, that for every 100,000 people, 41 were raped ( of which 40 % were kids ) . This statistic is accepted as under-estimated by UNICEF and states that â€Å" under-reporting of offense is common, particularly when it involves people from the same household or community † ( 2008:7 ) . In the bulk of offenses that happen within societal or domestic scenes, the culprits and the victims know each other – they are household or friends ( UNICEF, 2008:7 ) . HIV and AIDS regional informations South- Africa Harmonizing to Smart ( 2003:7 ) the HIV- and AIDS-pandemic can be illustrated as a sequence of three moving ridges. The first moving ridge is HIV infections, and it â€Å" is followed some old ages subsequently by the 2nd moving ridge of AIDS unwellness and decease † . This in bend, is followed by the 3rd wave â€Å" of kids being orphaned by HIV and AIDS † , with its impact at multiple degrees ( 2003:7 ) . But harmonizing to UNICEF ( 2004a:4 ) HIV and AIDS start to impact a kid early in a parent ‘s unwellness, as kids and immature people in an HIV and AIDS-affected family Begin to endure long before a parent or health professional dies, due to the effects ensuing in family income that plumb bobs, interrupted schooling and even entire fall-out, either to care for a ill parent or to gain money. The impact thereof continues through the class of the unwellness, every bit good as throughout the kid ‘s development good after the parent ‘s decease. Assorted survival schemes are pursued, such as eating less and selling assets, which are lending to and escalating the exposure of these families. For UNICEF, â€Å" Children who are deprived of the counsel and protection of their primary health professionals are more vulnerable to wellness hazards, force, development, and favoritism † ( 2004a:4 ) . Harmonizing to UNICEF ( 2004a:3 ) kids affected by HIV and AIDS are non merely affected by orphanage, but they are besides made vulnerable when they have â€Å" an sick parent, are populating in hapless families that have taken in orphans, are discriminated against because of a household member ‘s HIV position, or who have HIV themselves † . For so, HIV and AIDS â€Å" has joined a host of other factors † and includes utmost poorness, struggle, and development, which â€Å" impose extra loads on society ‘s youngest and most vulnerable members † ( 2004a:3 ) . It is believed that due to the disagreements in informations older than 2005, there was a planetary under-estimation of the impact of HIV and AIDS pandemic in South Africa, to such an extent that South Africa was non considered to be a state confronting the biggest impact of this pandemic, as compared to neighboring states like Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. Merely in recent literature ( from ASSA, UNAIDS, UNICEF and World Bank ) dated from 2005, it was realized that South Africa will hold the biggest impact of HIV and AIDS therefore holding the biggest load of orphans and vulnerable kids ( OVC ) due to this pandemic. In 2007, the entire South African population was 47.8 million people, of which 18.2 million where kids under the age of 17 old ages ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:82 ; UNICEF, 2008:5 ) . In the same twelvemonth, it was estimated that 5.7 million South Africans were populating with HIV, doing South Africa the largest pandemic in the universe ( UNICEF, 2008:7 – something non antecedently considered ( UNAIDS/WHO, 2007:16 ; UNICEF, 2008:7 ) . Womans, particularly those in their kid bearing old ages, bear the biggest proportion of the HIV infection and a 3rd of pregnant adult females are estimated to be HIV-positive ( UNICEF, 2008:2 ) . The HIV informations from prenatal clinics in South Africa suggest that the state ‘s pandemic might be stabilising, but there is no grounds yet of major alterations in HIV-related behavior ( UNAIDS/WHO, 2007:12 ) . By 2006, 294,000 kids under the age of 15 old ages of age were populating with HIV in South Africa ( ASSA, 2005: n.p. ; Proudlock et al. , 2008:82 ) and the bulk of them have been infected through mother-to-child transmittal and hence child prevalence among babies is mostly influenced by the HIV prevalence of pregnant adult females and the intercessions to forestall mother-to-child transmittal ( ASSA, 2005: n.p. ; Proudlock et al. , 2008:84 ) . The highest prevalence amongst these kids was in KwaZulu-Natal with 3.2 % ; Mpumalanga and the Free State with 2.6 % ; and Gauteng with 2.5 % ( ASSA, 2005: n.p ; Proudlock et al. , 2008:84 ) . The estimations from the ASSA2003 theoretical account farther suggested that an overall prevalence of 1.2 % in 2000 has doubled to 2.1 % in 2006 for kids under the age of 18 old ages ( ASSA, 2005: n.p. ; Proudlock et al. , 2008:63 ) . Harmonizing to UNICEF ( 2008:24 ) , â€Å" life anticipation has plummeted by 15 old ages, from age 65 in 1996 to age 50 in 2005 † and â€Å" 1,000 people die every twenty-four hours † as a consequence of AIDS-related illnesses.. In 2006, about 69 % of â€Å" kids and grownups with advanced HIV infection were having antiretroviral intervention ( ART ) † ( UNICEF, 2008:24 ) while still between 270 000 and 420 000 people died of AIDS related unwellnesss in 2006 ( UNAIDS/WHO, 2008:7 ) . KwaZulu-Natal had the highest figure of deceases ( 15,209 ) due to AIDS related unwellnesss, every bit good as the 2nd highest figure ( 6,378 ) of kids on ART in that twelvemonth. Gauteng had the 2nd highest figure of child deceases due to AIDS related unwellnesss, but in the same twelvemonth it had the highest figure of kids on ART ( 6,992 ) ( ASSA, 2005: n.p. ; Proudlock et al. , 2008:85 ) . Harmonizing to Proudlock et al. , ( 2008:84 ) , the HIV-pandemic has progressed at a rapid gait over the last decennary, and the necessary wellness services to turn to the demands of HIV septic kids, have non been put in topographic point. This has caused kids to non be able to entree the life-saving and desperately needed antiretroviral intervention ( ART ) . Children in the way of HIV and AIDS – orphans With a big figure of factors already mentioned that are lending to the exposure of kids, the impact of HIV and AIDS can be expected to be another large contributing factor. â€Å" In South Africa the figure of orphans has been increasing easy, and as a consequence has attracted comparatively small public attending. In old ages to come nevertheless, the figure of orphans is likely to lift quickly as AIDS mortality additions † ( Johnson & A ; Dorrington, 2001:1 ) . In 2001 they ( 2001:5 ) considered South Africa ‘s AIDS pandemic as â€Å" still in its early phases, relative to other African states † , as South Africa has yet to see the degrees of orphanage observed elsewhere in Africa. This is because â€Å" there are more people infected with HIV in South Africa than in any other African Country † , and it is hence rather possible that â€Å" the state will finally hold more orphans due to AIDS related causes, than any other state on the African continent † ( Johnson & A ; Dorrington, 2001:5 ) . Harmonizing to UNICEF ( 2008:24 ) , â€Å" of all the states affected by HIV and AIDS, South Africa has the most devastating load, as a consequence of holding the universe ‘s highest figure of HIV infected people † . Harmonizing to Proudlock et. Al ( 2008:66 ) , in 2006, there were 3.7 million sum orphans – â€Å" this is equal to 21 % of all kids in South Africa with 619 000 † , or 3 % of all orphans documented to be maternal orphans, 668 000, or 4 % of all orphans documented to be dual orphans and 2.4 million orphans, or 14 % of all orphans documented to be paternal orphans. Harmonizing to them, â€Å" the figure of paternal orphans is this high because of the higher mortality rates of work forces in South Africa, every bit good as the frequent absence of male parents in kids ‘s live † s ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:66 ) . Per state, the estimations for 2006 were as follows: KwaZulu-Natal – with 978 000 orphans. Eastern Cape – 816 000 orphans Limpopo – 481 000 orphans Gauteng – 392 000 orphans Mpumalanga – 286 000 orphans Free State – 284 000 orphans North West – 281 000 orphans Western Cape – 198 000 orphans Northern Cape – 52 000 orphans ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:66 ) There has been an addition in the figure of orphans in the past five old ages, and harmonizing to Proudlock et. Al ( 2008:66 ) there were â€Å" about 750,000 more kids populating as orphans in 2006 than in 2002 † and see this addition in visible radiation of the HIV- and AIDS-pandemic ( 2008:66 ) . Further to this, they province that â€Å" there where about 122,000 kids populating in an estimated 60,000 child-headed families across South Africa † ( 2008:68 ) . Of these, 89 % were located in the undermentioned three states: Limpopo, KwaZulu-Natal, and the Eastern Cape ( Proudlock et al. , 2008:68 ) . Annually an norm of 1.1 million babes are born, of which 300,000 were born to HIV-positive female parents and an estimated â€Å" 78,000 of these babes run the hazard of acquiring infected if nil is done to forestall mother-to-child transmittal of HIV. One-half of these kids die before they reach two old ages of age † ( UNICEF, 2008:13 ) . Orphan projections As mentioned, the HIV- and AIDS-pandemic demands to be understood in footings of a series of moving ridges Smart ( 2003:7 ) . In South Africa, the first of these moving ridges represented new HIV infections which harmonizing to Johnson and Dorrington ( 2001:5 ) peaked in â€Å" 1998 at approximately 930 000 infections per twelvemonth † . This was followed by the 2nd moving ridge of the entire figure of infections, which was estimated to top out in â€Å" 2006 at 7.7 million infections ( 2001:5 ) . The 3rd moving ridge being AIDS deceases, is expected to top out in â€Å" 2010 with approximately 800 000 † ( 2001:5 deceases per twelvemonth, which will take to the 4th moving ridge being AIDS related orphans. Johnson and Dorrington ( 2001:4 ) estimates this moving ridge â€Å" to top out at â€Å" 3.7 million maternal orphans ( kids under the age of 18 old ages ) † ( 2001:13 ) and â€Å" 4.71 million paternal orphans ( kids under the age of 18 old ages ) † in 2015, ( 2001:14 ) while the entire figure of kids holding lost one or both parents â€Å" is expected to make its highest degree in 2014, at 5.67 million † ( 2001:14 ) . Johnson and Dorrington estimates that in 2015, these orphans ( kids under the age of 18 old ages and holding lost one or both parents ) would be 33 % of the entire kid population, of which 18 % would hold lost a female parent ( maternal orphan ) and 28 % would hold lost their male parent ( paternal orphan ) and 11 % would hold lost both their parents ( dual orphans ) . They farther estimate to stay at these high degrees for an expected 15 – 20 old ages, due to the general consideration that if a kid lost one parent due to AIDS related unwellnesss, it is most likely for the other parent to besides decease of AIDS related unwellnesss, to the extent that by 2020 a sum of 40 % of all orphans would be considered dual orphans ( Johnson & A ; Dorrington, 2001:14 ) . Giese and Meintjies ( 2004:2 ) , Johnson and Dorrington ( 2001:22 ) call for these projections to be understood as merely anticipations in the absence of any major intervention intercession or behavior alterations. Johnson and Dorrington ( 2001: two ) besides states that within these projected orphan estimations, one needs to see that foremost, comparatively few orphaned kids are likely to be HIV positive, as most HIV positive orphans do non last for long plenty to represent a important proportion of the orphan population. Second, the rate of orphanage is likely to be the highest in the black African population group amongst hapless socio-economic groups ( 2001: two ) . Consequences of orphanage Harmonizing to Johnson and Dorrington ( 2001:31 ) , South Africa can anticipate to see an dismaying growing in the figure of orphaned kids over the following 15-20 old ages. The bulk of these kids will be adolescents, and will come from hapless socio-economic backgrounds. If their demands are non met, many of them will turn up as disaffected and anomic members of society. Harmonizing to them, â€Å" South Africa ‘s capacity to supply attention for these orphaned kids will therefore find the long-run societal stableness of the state † ( 2001:31 ) . There have besides been legion other surveies in the field of the societal deductions of projected orphanage and there have besides been some profound statements in this respect: â€Å" Although the figure of orphans is reeling, its effects are merely merely get downing † ( UNAIDS, 2001:19 ) . â€Å" The socio-economic impact of HIV/AIDS portends a immense human-centered catastrophe with desperate economic and societal effects † ( ILO, 2002: n.p. ) . â€Å" Turning up without school or vocational instruction, they are juvenile delinquents, possible Rebels. ‘What future do they hold, what future do we hold? ‘ â€Å" ( Hunter, 1990:683 ) â€Å" aˆÂ ¦the potency for monolithic societal dislocation and disruption in Sub-Saharan Africa † ( Hunter, 1990:681 ) The above statements and decisions made by assorted writers, need to be read in visible radiation of Bray ‘s ( 2003:3 ) call for serious and careful consideration of any literature that makes assorted premises and decisions as to the societal impact of the projected orphanage. She calls for the cautious usage of jutting figures of orphans every bit good as the possible deductions on societal and economic degrees as these anticipations, as antecedently mentioned, are mere estimations in the visible radiation of the absence of important surveies or grounds to turn out the cogency thereof. Sing Bray ‘s ( 2003:44 ) call for cautiousness when working with statistical informations associating to orphans and vulnerable kids ( OVC ) , every bit good as her concern to presume and reason to any effects and societal impact thereof ( 2003:3 ) , such projections will non be included or promoted within this survey. The statistical informations and projections included in this survey are simply to dispute perceptual experiences and methods when sing appropriate intercessions to turn to the demands of vulnerable kids. The outstanding influence of HIV and AIDS therefore far, serves to admit and understand the impact thereof on communities and to further place the pandemic as one of the biggest subscribers to the exposure of kids. It needs to be stressed that the exposure of kids is non merely caused by the HIV and AIDS pandemic or orphanage entirely. UNICEF ( 2004b:14 ) provinces that it should be noted that â€Å" the impact of HIV/AIDS every bit good as other subscribers to the exposure of kids varies well from one context to another † . Harmonizing to them, â€Å" there is no theoretical account or specific set of intercessions that can be prescribed for all communities † and for this ground, within each action or intercession, â€Å" the mix of schemes and actions will change harmonizing to locally identified demands, capacities and precedences † ( UNICEF, 2004b:14 ) . 2.3 Decision The annihilating impact of HIV and AIDS and other factors underpinned by poorness, on the kids and their households every bit good as the communities as a whole, is a really complex state of affairs with no simple solution or speedy hole. The world of the current state of affairs is complex, inter-related on all degrees of life, and cuts across all sectors of development. We are faced with an unprecedented state of affairs that requires the trust and regard of communities, coaction and committedness at all degrees of the society. This world is an even bigger felt-need of kids or as Macharia Kamau from UNICEF ( 2008:4 ) provinces: â€Å" For many kids in South Africa, life is their biggest challenge. Populating in hapless rural communities, overcrowded townships and dilapidated interior metropoliss, these kids do non hold the privilege of private medical attention, a school library brimming with books, a computing machine at place or in some cases, parents to love and protect them. What they frequently face is a childhood lost to poorness, disease, hapless societal services and broken places † ( UNICEF, 2008:4 ) . With the apprehension that â€Å" there is no formula or route map † ( FHI, 2001:2 ) , and there is no â€Å" one-size fits all † ( Engle, 2008:37 ) ; â€Å" there is a turning consensus about the wide lineations of a strategic response † ( FHI, 2001:2 ) and rules to steer intercessions to help these orphans and vulnerable kids ( OVC ) . Due to the focal point of this survey being on orphans and vulnerable kids ( OVC ) , and the awaited function of the church in the community through a catalytic-relational partnership, it is important to understand these recommended responses and rules in order to include these results in the church ‘s practice of community development, which will be discussed subsequently in this survey.

Paradoxical Twins Case Analysis Essay

1. At the end of Part I, how would you describe the organization design of both Omega and Acme? What factors led you to this conclusion? By the end of Part I, it is clear that Acme is a more mechanistic organization focusing on efficiency and profits, while Omega aligns itself with an organic organization structure focusing on cooperation, collaboration, and integration. Acme is mechanistic with a clear vertical structure; this conclusion is reached when looking at various factors. Factors include the degree of specialization, formalization, and centralization. Mechanistic structures are highly specialized, highly formalized, and centralized similar to Acme. Specialization can be seen through narrow job descriptions with clear responsibilities, while high formalization can be seen through the well-defined organizational charts and â€Å"tight ship† management style. The high level of both specialization and formalization indicate a centralized environment, which is verified in Part I by the fact that managers wish they had greater decision-making influence (â€Å"more latitude†). Furthermore, the structure at Acme has an end goal of efficiency and cost control, similar to most mechanistic organizations. Omega, on the other hand, has an organic structural design with an emphasis on collaboration, cooperation, and employee satisfaction across and among departments. This emphasis shows Omega’s focus on effectiveness, especially in the internal process, which combined with management’s team-based emphasis on making everyone feel as if they are part of the team and taking the time to listen to suggestions (a little too much time occasionally) furthers the conclusion that the company is organic. Furthermore, CEO Rawls does not believe in organization charts or written memos indicating low formalization and a decentralized decision-making process (without organization charts, authority is less defined). Low specialization can be seen through one workers initial experience at Omega where he or she worked in two different departments within the first two days. Both facts (low specialization and formalization) are indicative of a horizontal structure that aligns with the conclusion that omega is more organic. 2. At the end of Part III, how can you explain the differences between what happened at Acme and at Omega? (Link the background facts with the behavior and problems and then to the outcomes observed, and then explain the relationships between these three elements.) At Acme, Tyler led the authority and assigned tasks to each department once the project came in, but cross-department communication was lacking. The rigid organizational structure with set rules and procedures did not allow for the departments to collaborate. Instead, departments were functional and focused only on the task for their section. Furthermore, Tyler was not being informed of the errors occurring in each department perhaps because in a large, hierarchical system it takes longer for information to reach its end destination (whether that be the top or bottom). His â€Å"hit the roof† mentality took a blame approach, which is not productive for employee morale. Read more:  Essay on Paradoxical Twins Acme The photocopier manufacturer mentioned that in this phase, speed was critical. Mechanistic structures work better in stable, known, simple environments where situations are routine and the goal is control and efficiency. This prototype production process involved greater uncertainty considering the prototype had to be produced before final designs were approved. Furthermore, the routine for this process was still being developed. Due to the unknown, changing, and non-routine nature of this project, an organic structure such as Omega was bound to due better because it is more flexible and adaptable. At Omega, Rawls immediately set up an initial meeting where all the departments heads could discuss the project together and collaborate. Though the start up time took longer this way, problems were solved up front so time was saved later, quality was improved, and bottlenecks reduced. Cross communication and collaboration is key with a non-routine process and greater interdependence level was required. The level of interdependence required proved to be a negative aspect for Acme due to the lack of cross-department communication, but worked in Omega’s favor. It is important that structure align with strategy, and in this initial case Omega’s organic, team-based structure aligned with the speed strategy that the photocopier had required. When information is shared in a quick manner, without vertical impediments, the whole process moves along much more quickly and collaboration enables efficiency. Through coordination and the team-based mentality at Omega, the company was able to take a problem-solving approach and address issues of design errors up front whereas Acme did not even realize the design flaw because of the organizations focus on high specialization. Each department focused only on what they specialize in so errors were nearly impossible to catch. Acme’s inflexible structure required the company to go back to the beginning when the new design was approved, setting the company further back. Omega, on the other hand, adjusted easily to the new design because of its adapting nature. Tyler, as a leader, made the mistake of assuming the team would work as efficiently as they have in the past considering this project was a rush priority with a different required strategy and different end goals. Tyler made it a point to communicate new developments to the photocopier company, but he did not communicate any of the issues/developments that were arising. Rawls, on the other hand, communicated instantly with the photocopier company once the flaw was discovered. Essentially, the problem was the same for both companies—certain parts could not be received on time and engineering the assembly was difficult. However, how each organization approached the problem, as led by the type of structure in place, is what led Omega to succeed and meet the speed deadline determined by the photocopier company. Omega’s organic, adaptable, collaborative structure was more efficient for problem-solving scenarios, which this project was and allowed Omega to meet the deadline 10 days before Acme and with greater reliability. Acme’s vertical structure with rigid procedures would take longer to communicate problems from the bottom to the top. It took longer time to take action with Acme’s formal, hierarchical structure. These factors combined with its inflexible nature led Acme to be outdone by Omega. 3. At the end of Part IV, how can this turnabout be explained? Ultimately, the goal for phase two, once the prototype was developed was to cut costs and ensure quality control. Given that the production process had already been created, this second phase project had a greater degree of certainty and routine. Once each company figured out how to engineer the assembly, the process became routine, which is better suited for a mechanistic structure. If your end goal is to cut costs, specialized and rigid structures are better and more efficient as Porter’s low cost strategy shows. The degree of routine allowed each functional team (department) at Acme to focus on their specialization, which eliminated the problem of quality control. There was no guessing this time of how to best assemble the product. More time could be spent on figuring out ways to cut costs. When control and efficiency are the end goal, a mechanistic structure works better than an organic, adaptable, and problem solving structure. Organic structures are contingency-based, which was not as helpful in this case because of the greater degree of certainty. Omega should have been seeking ways to reduce costs, but instead focused too much on collaboration this time and on the management philosophy of maintaining employee satisfaction. Once again we see that when strategy (low cost) does not align with structure (organic), the end result is not achieved. Omega’s lack of detailed organization charts and specific job responsibilities most likely created internal confusion as well. At Acme tasks became standardized and job roles were well defined. At Omega, job roles were not clearly defined, and it is possible that, as mentioned earlier, too much time was spent on â€Å"listening to suggestions and making sure everyone understood what was going on.† While Acme was focusing on doing things right, Omega was focusing on doing the right thing. Also, considering the high volume that needed to be produced, it makes sense that Acme received the contract in the end since the company specialized in low cost, high volume projects. 4. If you were to consult with the Presidents of Acme and Omega, what advice would you give (to each one) concerning future survival and success of their firms? Explain your reasoning. What each company should learn from this example is that it is never ideal to be too mechanistic (rigid and structured) or too organic (loose and flexible). Each has its benefits depending on the type of project and what the end goals are, but as this case demonstrates each company failed at least once and succeeded once. Acme’s president should try to integrate some organic components into their structure, and Omega should integrate mechanistic components into their structure. A hybrid system would be ideal to get the best of both structures. A matrix, in essence, would prove to be a more efficient and effective structure. Well defined authority structures are needed so that workers are not confused about what their roles and tasks are, and collaborative environments should be encouraged as well in case there are times where problem solving needs to be done. To be more specific, at Acme, instead of acting as functional teams, the teams should be cross-functional which allows for collaboration, and the managers should be given a greater level of decision-making power (increased lateral). Something needs to be done so that it does not take so long for information to travel. Tyler should consider investing in an HR department if one does not already exist and on the internal environment because satisfied workers are generally more efficient. If a worker feels like they are a part of the team, he or she will want the company to succeed and work better towards that goal. Tyler should have department heads be on the same horizontal level and ensure cross communication occurs. So that he doesn’t have to do this himself, the idea of a project manager can be introduced. Someone from the outside can be brought in to coordinate between the departments and ensure deadlines are being met and that solutions are being worked on when a problem arises. At Omega, job responsibilities should be narrowed and clearer and greater measures should be taken to maintain control. There should be some sense of an authoritative figure or two. There seems to be a lack of line authority and without unity of command, there is room for confusion. Rawls should not spend so much time listening to suggestions and can instead hire someone to do that for him. As head of the company, he should be focusing on bringing in business and not trying to micro-manage everyone. In this company, there is too great a degree of lateral structure. Instead of everyone meeting together all the time, only department heads should be meeting regularly. The heads can have greater discussion with their own team and then report back to one another. A structured flow of ideas will save time. Greater specialization and formalization is needed because if workers are unsure of what their roles are how can they be expected to perform. Broader categories can be established such a s marketing, operations, engineering, etc. Rawls should also look into written communication to ensure the company is well organized. Meetings take up a greater amount of time, and with writing there may not always be a need to physically meet. It is important to remember that structure and strategy alignment will lead to success. Therefore, the structure must be somewhat flexible to adapt to strategy, but rigid enough to address end objectives such as cutting costs and maintaining efficiency. The matrix structure is the ideal balance, combining the best of both mechanistic and organic to achieve business objectives. The best part is that it can be tailored to each organization so Acme can retain it’s vertical nature for the most part and Omega can still focus on collaboration, but elements of the opposing type are introduced to achieve greater balance. â€Å"This is my own work. I have not discussed this case with anyone, nor have I used someone else’s write-up of the case, either current or past students or from the Internet.†